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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
found in each lobe
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segment
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where vessels enter a lung
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hilum
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superior portion of the lung
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apex
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inferior portion of the thoracic cavity
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diaphragm
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respiratory organ
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lung
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major airway tube
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trachea
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number of lobes in the right lung
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three
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side of lung where vessels enter
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medial
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double-walled, serous membrane sac
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pleura
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respiratory sacs
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alveoli
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anterior bony wall of the miediastinum
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sternum
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area between the lungs
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mediastinum
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mediastinal organ
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heart
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mediastinal blood vessel
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aorta
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major section of a lung
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lobe
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this lung has two lobes
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left
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inferior part of a lung
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base
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pertaining to the chest cavoty
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thoracic
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these branch from the trachea
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bronchi
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sperates a lung into lobes
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fissure
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which cavity contains the heart and lungs
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thoracic
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which structures seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
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diaphragm
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which part of the thoracic cavity contains all thoracic organs except the lungs and the pleurae?
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mediastinum
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which bony structure forms the anterior border of the mediastinum
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sternum
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what mediastinal structure consists of C-shaped cartilaginous rings?
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trachea
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what area of the trachea divides into two lesser tubes?
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carina
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what structures branch from the distal end of the trachea
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primary bronchi
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which primary bronchus is shorter and wider than the other
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right lung
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what thoracic structures are the organs of respiration
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lungs
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what is the name of the medial aspect of each lung inwhich the primary bronchus enters
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hilum
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what is the name of the superior portion of each lung?
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apex
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which structures are at the terminal end of the respiratory system
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alveoli
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how many lobes are found in the right lung? left lung?
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right-3
left=2 |
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why is the right lung shorter and wider than the left one?
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becuase of its close proximity to the heart and the liver
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name the three portions of the pleura?
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inner layer-visceral pleura
outer layer- parietal pleura space between layers- pleural cavity |
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what is the recommended SID for a chest PA and lateral projection
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72 inches... to reduce magnification of the thoracic structures
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why is is perferable to have the patient upright for a chest PA and lateral projection?
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to allow the diaphragm to reach its lowest level and to prevent engorgement of the pulmonary vessels.
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which body plane should be perpendicular and centered to the midline of the image receptor?
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midsaggital
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with reference to the patient, where should the upper border of the IR be placed (chest PA/LAT projection)
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about 1 1/2 to 2 inches above the top of the shoulders
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what is the purpose of depressing the shoulders? (chest PA/LAT projection)
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to keep the clavicals below the apecies
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why should the shoulders be rotated forward? (chest PA/LAT projection)
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to move the scapulae laterally away from the lung fields
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what special positioning instructions may be given to a woman with large, pendulous breasts to avoid superimposing the lower part of the lung fields. (chest PA/LAT projection)
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instruct the patient to pull her breasts upward and laterally
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what is most likely to happen to the image if the patient were to remove one shoulder from contact with the grid device prior to the exposure of the radiograph. (chest PA/LAT projection)
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the sternal ends of the clavicals would no longer be equidistant from the vertebral column
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how and where should the central ray be directed. (chest PA/LAT projection)
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perpindicular to the center of the IR and midsaggital plane at the level of T 7
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breathing insructions (chest PA/LAT projection)
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take in a breath and blow it out, then take in another full breath and hold it. (suspend respiration after the second full inspiration)
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significance of breathing instructions
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the greatest area of lung structures is demonstrated in full expansion and without strain after the patient suspends breathing on a second inspiration
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list two reasons why exposures can be made affter both inspiration and expiration
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to demomstrate pneumothorax or to check for a foreign body
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to demonstrate the heart. why should the exposure be made after normal inspiration rather than deep inspiration
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to prevent elongation of the heart caused by a full inferior movement of the diaphragm
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how many posterior ribs should be seen above the diaphragm with proper full inspiration?
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10
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1-4 critical evaluations criteria that indicate a patient was positioned proerly for a PA projection.
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the trachea should be visible in the midline
the heart and the diaphragm should show sharp outlines. 10 posterior ribs should be shown above the diaphragm the scapeula should be projected outside of the lung field |
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5-8 critical evaluations criteria that indicate a patient was positioned proerly for a PA projection.
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the exposure should clrearly demonstrate the lung field
the entire lung field from the apecies to the costophrenic angles should be seen No rotation; the sternal ends of the clavicals should be equidistant from the vertebral column a faint shadow of the ribs and superior thoracic vertebrae should be seen through the shadow of the heart |
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(lateral projection) Which thoracic structures are of primary interest with the left lateral projection
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heart and the left lung f
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which thoracic structure is of primary interest in the right lateral projection
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right lung
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what body plane should be perpindicular and centered to the midline of the IR(lateral projection)
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midcoronal
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describe how thee patients arms should be postioned(lateral projection)
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extend the arms directly upward, flex the elbows, and with the forearm resting of the elbows, hold the arms in this position
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how far above the shoulders should the upper border of the IR be placed?(lateral projection)
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1 1/2 to 2 inches
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what breathing instructions should be given to the patient?(lateral projection)
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suspend breathing after the second full inspiration
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how and where should the CR be directed and centered?(lateral projection)
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perpindicular to the midline of the IR, entering the patient at the midcoronal plane at t7
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True/false the midsagittal plane should be placed perpindicular to the plane of the IR
(lateral projection) |
False the midsagittal plane should be parallel with the plane of the IR
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A lateral projection radiograph of the chest should be placed on an illuminator so that the side of the patient where the centeral ray entered is nearer the viewer(lateral projection)
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true
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T/F the patients heart will apear larger in the right lateral projection radiograph than in the left lateral projection radiograph
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true
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1-4 evalutation criteria that indicate the patient was positioned properly for a lateral projection
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1. the heart and the diophragm should be seen in sharp outline
2. the sternum should be seen in lateral view without rotations 3. penetration of lung fields and heart should be clearly seen 4the ribs shouls be superimposed posterior to the vertebral column |
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5-9 evalutation criteria that indicate the patient was positioned properly for a lateral projection
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neither the arm nor its soft tissues overlap the superior lung field
the hilum should be seen in the center of the radiograph the thoracic intervertebral spaces shoud be open the costophrenic angles and lower apecies of lungs should be clearly demonstrated the long axis of lung fields should be demonstarted int he vertical position without forward/backward leaning |
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what is the name of the area between the two pleural cavities?
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mediastinum
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what structure is not demonstrated within the mediastinum in PA projection of the chest?
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diaphragm
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which pathologic condition of the lung involves the replacement of air with fluid in the lung interstitium and aveoli?
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pulmonary edema
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why should the chest be performed with a 72 inch SID
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to minimize magnification of the heart
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why should the chest be performed after the pateint has suspended respiration after the second inspiratioin?
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to better expand the lungs
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with refernce to the IR, how are the midsagittal plane and the midcoronal plane positioned for the PA projection of the chest?
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midsaggital: perpindicular
midcoronal:parallel |
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for the PA projection of the chest, which positioning maneuver should be performed to best remove scapula from lung field
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rotate the shoulders forward
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why would the chest most likely be demonstrated using two PA projections ( in which the patient is seen in suspended inspiration and suspended expiration)
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to demonstrate a pneumothorax
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which of the following way is an effective way to detect rotation of the patient with the PA projection radiograph of the chest
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the assymentrical appearance of the sternoclavicular joints
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For which projection of the chest should the midsagittal plane be parallel with the IR
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lateral projection
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with refence to the IR how are the midcoronal plane and midsagittal plane postioned for the lateral projection of the chest
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midcoronal:perpindicular
midsagittal:parallel |
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which projection of the chest best demonstrates lung apecies free from superimposed with the clavicals
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AP axial projection lordotic position (lindblom meathod)
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how many degrees should the patient be rotated for PA oblique projection of the chest to evalute the heart and great vessels?
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RAO 45 degrees LAO 55 to 60 degrees
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how many degreess should the patient be rotated for PA oblique projections of the chest to evauluate the lungs?
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RAO: 45 degrees
LAO: 45 degrees |
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using a lateral decubitus position for patients who are unable to stand upright best demonstrates which of the following pathologic conditions of the chest
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air or fluid levels
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with refence to the IR how are the midsagittal plane and the midcoronal plane positoined for the AP chest ( left lateral decubitusposition)
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midsagittal: perpindicular
midcoronal: parallel |
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which pathologic condition of the lungs is best demonstrated with the ap chest, right lateral decubitus position
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free air in the left side or fluid levels in the right side
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which radiograogic postion requires that the patient be placed supine with the IR placed vertically against the patient's right side and a horizontal central ray directed to the center of the IR
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dorsal decubitus
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what radiographic position requires that the patient be placed prone>
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ventral decubitus
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which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA projection radiogrpah of the chest
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ten posterior ribs should be visible above the diaphragm
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which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA projection radiograph of the chest
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the scapula should be projected outside the lung field
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which evaluation criterion pertains to the lateral projection of the chest
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the ribs posterior to the vertebral column should be superimposed
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which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP axial projection, lordotic postion radiograph of the chest
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the ribs should appear distorted
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which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP axial projection, lordotic postion radiograph of the chest
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the clavicals should lie superior to the apecies
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Pa oblique: right anterior oblique(RAO) and left anterior oblique (LAO) which side the one closer or the one farther from the IR is generally the side of interest?
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the one farther from the IR
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which side of the chest right or left is of primary interest with the PA oblique projection RAO postion
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left
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with refence to the patient where should the upper border of the IR be placed?( PA oblique projections RAO LAO)
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1 1/2 to 2 inches above the vertebral promins
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when performing the PA oblique projection, RAO position, how many degrees should the patient be rotated
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45 degrees
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what determmins how many degrees the patient shoauld be roated for the PA oblique LAO position
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the desires structures to be deomstrated ( more rotation oftent the heart is of primary interest)
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when performing the PA oblique projection LAO position, to demonstrate lungs, how many degrees should the patient be rotated?
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45
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when performing the PA oblique projection LAO position, to demonstrate the heart and the great vessels how many degreees should the patient be rotated?
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55 to 60
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with refernce to the patient respiration, when should the exposure be made
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after the second full inspiration
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what level of the patient should the CR be diected
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T7
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wich PA oblique projection provides the best view of the left atrium and the entire left branch of the bronchial tree
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right PA oblique projectin (RAO position)
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T/F when viewing a PA oblique projection radiiograph, the patients left side should be toward the viewer's right side
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true
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when viewing a PA oblique projection radiiograph (LAO position) the left lung should be partially superimposed by the spine
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true
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the heart and the midastinal structures should be clearly demomstrated within the lung field of the elevated side in oblique images of 45 degrees of body rotation
|
true
|
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which side the one closer or the one farther from the IR is generally the side of interst?
(AP oblique projections right posterior oblique RPO and lfeft posterior oblique LPO positions) |
the one closer to the IR
|
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Which AP obliques image the RPO or the LPO position demonstrates the maximum area of the left lung
(AP oblique projections right posterior oblique RPO and lfeft posterior oblique LPO positions) |
left AP oblique ( LPO position)
|
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what is the minium recommemded SID(AP oblique projections right posterior oblique RPO and lfeft posterior oblique LPO positions)
|
72 inches
|
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which Ap oblique projection produces an image very similar to that produced by the PA oblique projection RAO position
|
AP oblique projection LPO position
|
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how many degrees should the patient be rotated (AP oblique projections right posterior oblique RPO and lfeft posterior oblique LPO positions)
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45 degrees
|
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how far above the shoulders should the upper border of the IR be placed (AP oblique projections right posterior oblique RPO and lfeft posterior oblique LPO positions)
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1 1/2 to 2 inches above the vertebral promins or about 5 inches above the jugular notch
|
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what breathing instructions should be given to the patient(AP oblique projections right posterior oblique RPO and lfeft posterior oblique LPO positions)?
|
stop breathing after the second full inspiration
|
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to what level of the patient should the CR be directed
(AP oblique projections right posterior oblique RPO and lfeft posterior oblique LPO positions) |
3 inches below the jugular notch
|
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what is the recommened SID
(AP projection) |
72 inches or 60 depending on the equiptment limitations
|
|
what body plane should be centered to the midline of the IR
(AP projection) |
midsagittal
|
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with reference to the patient where should the IR be placed?
(AP projection) |
the upper border of the IR should be placed 1 1/2 to 2 inches about the relaxed shoulders
|
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if the patients condition permits, how should the arms be positioned?
(AP projection) |
with the elbows flexed, pronate the hands and place them on the hips to draw the scapula laterally
|
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what breathing instructions should be given to the patient
(AP projection) |
stop breathing after the second full inspiration
|
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why should the patient perform the recommened breathing instructions
(AP projection) |
to ensure maxium expansion of the lungs
|
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to what level of the patient should the CR be directed(AP projection)
|
3 inches below the jugular notch
|
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AP versus PA
heart and great vessels? |
the heart and great vessels appear somewhat magnified
|
|
Ap versus PA
lungs |
the lung field appears shorted
|
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Ap versus PA
clavicals |
the clavicals are projected higher
|
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Ap verus PA
ribs |
assume a more horizontal appearance
|
|
1-3 evaluation criteria that the patient was positioned
properly for an AP projection |
the trachea should be seen in the midline
the lung field should be seen from the apecies to the costophrenic angles the medial portion of the clavicals should be equidistant from the vertebral column |
|
4-6 evaluation criteria that the patient was positioned
properly for an AP projection |
a faint image of the ribs and thoracic vertebrae should be seen through the heart shadow
The clavicals will lie more horizontally and will obscure more of the apeccies than in the PA projections The distant from the vertebral column to the lateral border of the ribs should be equidistant on both sides |
|
(AP axial projection, lordotic position) which portion of the lungs is generally the area of primary interest
|
apex
|
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(AP axial projection, lordotic position) descrivbe how the patient should be positioned
|
witht the patient standing and facing the x ray tube, instruct the patient to move about 1 foot in front of the vertical grid device and lean backward, placing the upper back in contact with the grid device. The elbows should be flexed and the posterior surface of the hand should be placed on hips to better rotate the shoulders forward
|
|
(AP axial projection, lordotic position) What breathing instructions should be given>
|
stop breathing after the second full inspiration
|
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(AP axial projection, lordotic position) where should the centeral ray enterr the patient
|
on the midsagittal plane on the mid sternum
|
|
1-3 evaulaution criteria to see if the patient was positioned properly for an AP axial projection and lordotic position
|
the clavicals should lie superiorly to the apecies
the apecies and lungs should be included in their entirely the sternal ends of the clavicals should be equidistant from the vertebral column |
|
4 and 5evaulaution criteria to see if the patient was positioned properly for an AP axial projection and lordotic position
|
the ribs should appear distorted with their anterior and posterior portion shomwhat superimposed
|
|
(lateral decubitus position) what is the general purpose for using this position
|
to demonstrate air or fluid levels in the thorax
|
|
(lateral decubitus position)
T/F the patient can be postioned upright in lateral decubitus position |
False the patient must be on their side in lateral decubitus position
|
|
(lateral decubitus position)
T/F the IR must be placed veritcally against the patient |
true
|
|
(lateral decubitus position)
T/F the projection must be either AP or PA |
true
|
|
(lateral decubitus position)
T/F the central ray must be directed horiztonally |
true
|
|
(lateral decubitus position)
T/F the affected side should be up to demonstrate fluid level |
false to demonstrate fluid level the affected side must be down
|
|
(lateral decubitus position)
T/F both sides should be seen in their entirley |
false only the affected side needs to be seen enitrly
|
|
(lateral decubitus position)
if fluid in the right side of thorax needs to be deomstrated with a lateral ducubitus position in which body position should the patient be placed? |
right lateral recumbent
|
|
which side of the thorax, right or left, will best demonstrate free air when the patient is in the left lateral decubitus position
|
right
|
|
to demonstarte free air in the thorax with a lateral decubutus position, why is it perferable to position the pateint with the affected side up instead of with the affected side down
|
to enable free air in the thorax to rise and to be better visulaized against the lateral border of the ribs instead of overlying the vertebral column
|
|
(lateral decubitus position) what breathing instructions should be given to the patient
|
stop breathing after the second full inspiration
|
|
1-3 evalution criteria to indicate that the patient was postioned proprerly for a lateral decubitus postion
|
the apecies should be included
the affected side should be included in its entirely the patient should not be rotated from its true frontal postion |
|
4 and 5evalution criteria to indicate that the patient was postioned proprerly for a lateral decubitus postion
|
the patients arms should be removed from the field of interest
proper indentification should be visible to indicate that the decubitus position was used |
|
(ventral and dorsal decubitus)
for the dorsal decubitus position the patient must be placed in what postion |
supine
|
|
for the ventral decubitus position the patient must be placed in
|
the prone position
|
|
in addition to being perpindicular to the IR the central ray must also be directed ( ventral dorsal decubitus)
|
horizontally
|
|
(ventral and dorsal decubitus) how much should the thorax be elevated
|
2-3 inches
|
|
(ventral and dorsal decubitus) how long should the patient remain in this position
|
5 mins to allow the fluid to settle or the air to rise
|
|
(ventral and dorsal decubitus) with refecnce to the patient how and where should the IR be placed
|
vertically with the top of the IR at the level of the thyroid cartilage
|
|
(ventral and dorsal decubitus) How should the patients arms be positioned
|
extend the arms well above the head
|
|
(ventral and dorsal decubitus) concerning respiration when should the exposure be made
|
after the second full inspiration
|
|
where shoud the CR enter the patient (ventral and dorsal decubitus)
|
on the midcoronal plane approx 3-4 inches distal to the jugular notch for the dorsal decubutus and at T7 for ventral decubitus
|
|
1-4 evaluation criteria to indicate that the patient was positioned properly for a dorsal/ventral decubutis position
|
the arms should not obscure the upper lung field
the thorax should not be rotated from a true lateral postion proper identification should be visible to indicate that the decubitus position was used the entire lung field includiing the anterior and posterior surfaces should be demonstarted |