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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Apical meristem is part of what type of tissue body? |
primary body |
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•Stems,roots, leaves, flowers, fruits are part of which tissue body? |
Primary body |
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Primary body is responsible for what types of tissues? |
All soft tissues: not woody |
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Secondary tissues make up what? |
Wood and bark -madefrom secondary meristems in stem and root -lateral growth- getting wider -adding layers of wood and bark with secondarybody |
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What are lianas? |
woody vines in tropical rain forests |
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Where does secondary growth occur? |
Where primary growth has stopped |
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Describe the relationship in secondary growth between vascular tissues and leaves and roots |
-for growth to occur, there needs to be enough vascular tissue to support it -the more vascular bundles there are, the more the tree will want to grow |
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In secondary growth, what does auxin control?q |
the stopping of primary growth, so secondary tissues can form |
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In secondary growth, undifferentiated tissues form what? |
Vascular cambium and cork cambium |
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what are lateral meristems? |
Vascular cambium and cork cambium |
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In terms of lateral meristem production, will differentiated cells revert to undifferentiated cells to be able to produce? |
Yes |
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What are the disadvantages of secondary growth? |
1. Greater need for defenses 2.Uses energy to winterize 3.Wood & bark are metabolicallyexpensive 4.Reproduction on hold |
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What does vascular cambium produce? |
secondary xylem and secondary phloem |
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Where does secondary xylem grow? |
in between primary xylem and vascular cambium |
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where does secondary phloem grow? |
in between primary phloem and vascular cambium |
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Through the years, and secondary xylem reproduces and the materials thicken, in what direction is the primary xylem being pushed? |
Outward |
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What are to 2 types of cells of the vascular cambium? |
fusiform initials and ray initials |
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what do fusiform initials have in common with ray initials? |
1. they are in the vascular cambium 2. they arise within vascular bundles |
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what are the shape of fusiform initials? |
long, tapered cells |
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what do fusiform initials do? |
Make new vascular tissues |
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Where do fusiform cells make make secondary xylem? |
on the inside of the stem |
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what type of materials does the fusiform make for secondary xylem |
tracheids, vessel elements, and fibers |
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where do fusiform cells make secondary phloem? |
on the outside of the stem |
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what materials do fusiform initials make that are associated with secondary phloem? |
•sievecells, sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers |
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What shape are ray initials |
cuboidal |
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What type of cells do ray initials create? |
parenchymal cells (for both storage and transprot) |
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What direction do ray initials transport materials? |
laterally |
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What type of cells the ray initials create that are specific to gymnosperms? |
albuminous cells |
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Both xylem and phloem grow in a way that pushes pre-existing materials outward, but in what direction does new xylem form? |
xylem forms inward (pressuring pre-existing materials outward), and phloem form outward (still pushing the old stuff outward) |
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What is the periclinal wall? |
the wall in between the developing xylem cell and thecambium, makes trunk thicker •Longitudinaldivision parallel to circumference of cambium |
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•Anticlinal wall |
same type of cell dividing to make2 of the same thing (not making thicker, just more cambiencells) •Longitudinaldivision perpendicular to cambium’s surface |
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What happens when fusiform initials differentiate? |
daughter cells enlargen (they just divided), •2˚xylem pushes cambial cells outward•Cambiaincreases in circumference |
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Pereclinal cell divisions |
•1cell remains ray initial•1cell into xylem parenchyma or phloem parenchymal -not making vascular tissue, butSUPPORTIVE CELLS FOR THIS KIND OF TISSUE |
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Ray initials shape and patterns |
•Short,vertical rows•Uniseriate (1cell wide)•Biseriate•Multiseriate |
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fusiform initials shape and patterns |
1. stored cambium (many horizontal rows) 2. •Irregularlyw/out horizontal pattern |
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functions of secondary xylem |
•Adds structural support •Expands capacity to carry water/mineralsup from roots |
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What is secondary xylem |
wood |
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where does secondary xylem form |
•Cells formed interior of cambium{˂D% |
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the arrangement of secondary xylem |
•Axialsystem derived from fusiform initials•Radialsystem derived from ray initials |
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what are tracheary elements? |
the longitudinal areas of water conduction |
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Does the axial system of hard woods have a lot of fibers? |
Yes, many fibers |
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Softwoods, do their axial systems have many fibers? |
No, few to none |
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What is in the axial systems that allows longitudinal water conduction |
tracheary elements |
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What do axial parenchyma do? |
act as temporary water resevoirs, especially in dessert adapt trees |
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How is the parenchyma system shaped on the radial system of woody angiosperms? |
in rays |
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what is the role of parenchyma in radial system of angiosperms? |
•Storage during dormant periods •Material conducted short radial distances |
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Where are leaf nutrients stored during winter? |
parenchyma of the radial system |
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In radial system, where is initial storage? |
Upright cells: they contain the first energy used in the spring |
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What allows upright cells to be the initial storage source in the radial system? |
Their direct connection to the axial cells |
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What is the secondary source of materials in the radial system? |
Produmbent cells: they act as starch reserves for upright cells |
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What tree type produces resin? |
gymnosperms |
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why do gymnosperms produce resin? |
it disallows insects from burrowing into it |
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What are growth rings composed of? |
new seconary xylem that is formed each season |
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vascular cambium does what in times of stress? |
goes dormant |
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Why does the VC go dormant in times of stress? |
•New leaves are thin w/ weak cuticle sohigh conduction capacity is needed |
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the better conditions a growth season is in, the more ___________________ |
the tree will grow in that growth season |
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In tree rings, what was happening where the tree ring is brown? |
winter |
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what do light tan colors of tree rings represent? |
spring and summer |
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Does early wood have few or many vessels? |
Many |
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why does early wood have many vessels? |
to bring water and nutrients to and from flowering/leaf growing areas, so they can grow |
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Does late wood have many vessels |
Not many, and they have thicker cuticle, and are stronger to support heavier materials |
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What happens to a tree's woody material at the end of summer? |
•Cambiumdormant again •Lastcells develop as heavy fibers with thick secondary walls |
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What is heartwood? |
•Inner,darker center of log •Drier,more fragrant •Impregnatedwith decay-resistant chemicals |
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what is sapwood? |
•Lighter,moister outer region |
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How does sapwood become heartwood? |
•Older xylem becomes nonfunctional •Watercolumns break •Tyloses clog nonfunctional conducting cells •VC produces new water-filled trachearyelements next year 0.0, "expiry": |
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Why does tyloses clog nonfuctional cells? |
open spaces allow the plant to become invadable by fungus |
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Why is heartwood aromatic? |
•Parenchyma cells produce compounds toinhibit bacterial and fungal growth -compounds smell good |
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What is tension wood? |
Angled wood on the upperside of the branch, which pulls it in a verticle position, and they can contract |
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On what type of tree does tension wood grow? |
angiosperms |
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what is compression wood? |
•Undersideof branch •Pushestoward vertical position •Fibersrich in lignin (less cellulose) |
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What does secondary phloem do? |
•Increases transport of food from leaves |
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what happens when One year’s phloem is active |
•Sieveelements crushed •Onlyinner most bark conducts sugar for tree |
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what forms the axial and radial system? |
vascular cambien |
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In what system of secondary phloem has fibers and non-conducting parenchyma? |
axial system of secondary phloem |
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Angiosperms secondary phloem have _______ |
sieve tube members and companion cells |
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gymnosperms secondary phloem has _____ |
sieve cells |
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secondary phloem's ray initials are produced by what? |
the same ray initials as xylem rays |
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secondary phloem, radial system parenchymal cells are used for what? |
storage |
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what are albuminous cells in terms of gymnosperm radial system? |
albuminous cells are the ray cells for the gymnosperm radial system of the secondary phloem |
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What does cork cambium do? |
•Produces new dermal tissue |
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What happens to the bark and secondary xylem is produced? |
The circumfrence of the tree increases, and outter tissues (cork, bark, etc.), tear apart |
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As cells divide, cork grows _____, and parenchymal cells grow ____ |
outside, inside |
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what part of cork tissue is cork cambium?` |
the inner cells |
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what is periderm |
•Cork + cork cambium + parenchyma cells |
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When does new periderm form? |
•formed when current is unable to keep upwith expanding girth thus causing many periderm in a plants lifetime |
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Cork cells produce a substance called suberin. What does it do? |
it is composed of waxes which waterproof the plant, and phenolic compounds, which prevent microbial attack |
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what do phenolic compounds do? |
prevent microbial attack |
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Sometimes cork produces tannins. What are tannins and what do they do? |
they are substances that Inactivatespathogen’s proteins |
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•Outer bark |
•Alltissues outside innermost periderms•Remnantsof old periderms |
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•Inner bark |
•Livingtissue•Allsecondary phloem between vascular cambium and innermost cork cambium |
