Wood

Front 1

wood, mud, and stone

Back 1

first natural building materials

Front 2

1833

Back 2

Augustine Taylor developed lighter method of wood construction. replaced heavy timber with series of closely placed thin wood studs. balloon framing

Front 3

wood

Back 3

hard fibrous substance lying beneath the bark of trees (handiest and most accommodating of all construction materials)

Front 4

lumber

Back 4

wood that has been sawn into construction members

Front 5

timber

Back 5

lumber that is five inches or larger in its least dimension

Front 6

wood classified (2)

Back 6

1. softwood - pine, fir, and spruce (evergreens)

2. hardwood - maple, oak, and sycamore (deciduous)

Front 7

softwood

Back 7

used structurally in general construction for framing, sheathing, bracing, etc.

Front 8

hardwood

Back 8

used for flooring, paneling, interior trim and furniture

Front 9

wood characteristics

Back 9

consists of approximately 70% cellulose and 18-28% lignin, which is the adhesive imparting strength to the wood

Front 10

strength

Back 10

stronger in compression than tension. much stronger when the load is applied parallel to the grain than perpendicular.

Front 11

shear

Back 11

strong perpendicular to the grain and weak parallel to the grain

Front 12

green

Back 12

wood in the living tree, it contains a large amount of water.

Front 13

seasoned

Back 13

when lumber is seasoned, it is dried. minimize shrinkage. less tendency to shrink, but it stronger, stiffer and lighter. two ways

1. air drying - takes several months and leaves 10-20% moisture in the lumber

2. kiln drying - only a few days and leaves less than 10% moisture

(considered seasoned if moisture content is 19% or less)

Front 14

fiber saturation point

Back 14

30%

Front 15

softwood grades

Back 15

yard lumber - general construction

factory and

shop lumber - remanufacture into sash and doors

three lumber size classifications

1. boards

2. dimensions

3.timbers

Front 16

boards

Back 16

graded for appearance. classified as select and common

select - good appearance, graded A - D

common - more blemishes, classified into 5 grades of descending quality from 1 - 5

Front 17

dimension lumber and timbers

Back 17

structural lumber, used for load bearing members and graded for strength. classified according to its size as

dimension lumber - joists and planks, light framing, and decking

timbers - beams and stringers, posts and timbers

Front 18

plywood

Back 18

manufactured wood panels consisting of several thin wood veneer sheets (plies). the center ply (core). the outer plies (face and back). thickness 5/16" - 1-1/8"

generally odd number of plies (3, 5, or 7)

Front 19

plywood classification

Back 19

- interior or exterior. moisture resistant for interior, waterproof for exterior.

- softwood or hardwood. softwood primarily for construction

Front 20

plywood graded

Back 20

quality of veneers, A being the best and D the poorest. designated by two letters representing the veneer grade on the face and back.

for exterior plywood the inner plies must be grade C or better, while interior plywood may have D grade inner plies

Front 21

plywood decorative applications

Back 21

hardwood plywood. paneling, cabinet work, face veneers on doors

Front 22

hardboard

Back 22

made from wood fibers that have been highly compressed under heat and pressure into dense, durable boards. 4'x8'. thickness 1/8" - 3/8"

two categories

1. basic

2. prefinished

three types

1. tempered

2. standard

3. service

Front 23

prefinished hardboard

Back 23

variety of patterns, textures, and finishes. exterior siding, soffits, interior walls, ceilings, cabinet work, pegboards, and acoustical treatment

Front 24

fiberboard

Back 24

from waste paper, wood pulp, and fibers. used for acoustical tile, sheathing, and interior wall finishes. 4'x8'. thickness 1/2" - 1"

roof insulation and laminated fiberboard decking 2'x4'

Front 25

flakeboard

Back 25

large wood flakes bonded together with resins under pressure. light weight and good insulation and acoustical. main se insulating backup material or as acoustical material on upper walls or ceilings

Front 26

particleboard

Back 26

dry-formed of wood particles bonded together with resin. used as core stock for plastic laminate or hardwood veneers. used in manufacture of furniture, cabinets, countertops, wall paneling, and doors

Front 27

beadboard

Back 27

insulating board consisting of a core of small expanded polystyrene beads with heavy paper laminated to both sides. example perimeter insulation of foundation walls

Front 28

glulam

Back 28

glued laminated structural members. depth up to 75". factory produced

three appearance grades

1. industrial

2. architectural

3. premium

Front 29

glulam specifying

Back 29

designate type of adhesive (interior or exterior) the stress grade required, and the appearance grade desired

two most common joints

1. scarf joints

2. finger joints

Front 30

laminated decking

Back 30

layers of kiln-dried lumber that are bonded with adhesives. 3" - 5" nominal thickness and in various standard lengths. interior surface intended to be exposed.

Front 31

wood trusses (4)

Back 31

Front 32

two wood wall framing systems commonly used for small dwellings

Back 32

1. platform framing (western framing) - studs are one story in height and floor joists bear on the top plate of the wall below

2. balloon framing - wall studs are continuous for full height of the building, usually two stories

Front 33

nails

Back 33

1. common nails - most structural connections

2. box nails - thinner than common nails, consequently have less holding power

3. finish nails - thin nails with small heads used to attached finish wood elements

Front 34

wood joints

Back 34

Front 35

wood trim

Back 35

fabricated from the better grades of both softwood and hardwood

Front 36

types of warpage (4)

Back 36

1. bow

2. crook

3. cup

4. twist

Front 37

plywood construction

Back 37

softwood (hardwood play is more expensive than softwood ply)

Front 38

millwork

Back 38

hop fabricated items, door and window frames, stairways, paneling, etc. fabricated in a mill and delivered to the job ready for installation

Front 39

Cut lumber two different ways

Back 39

1. Tangent to annual rings: plainsawed - hardwoods, flat-grained or slash-grained - softwood

2. Radially to the rings: quartersawed - hardwood, edge-grained or vertical-grained - softwood

Front 40

quartersawed

Back 40

Grain is 45 - 90 degree to the wide face

(three different cuts, 1. Alternate, 2. Common, 3. radial)

1. Relatively even grain pattern

2. Wears evenly with less warpage
3. Shrinks and swells more in thickness, less in width

4. More waste in cutting and therefore more costly

Front 41

plainsawed

Back 41

Grain is 0 - 45 degree to the wide face

1. Distinct grain pattern

2. May twist, cup and wear unevenly

3. Tends to have raised grain

4. Shrinks and swells more in width, less in thickness

5. Less waste in cutting, and therefore less expensive

Front 42

Natural defects

Back 42

1. Knot

2. Peck

3. Pitch pocket - pitted area

4. Shake - lengthwise grain separation

Front 43

manufacturing defects

Back 43

1. Wane

2. Check - lengthwise grain separation caused by seasoning

3. Split

4. warp