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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were images of women like in Lenin's propaganda? |
They were less visible and took a supporting role |
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How were woman depicted from 1941 to 1964? |
Mainly as part of the program to present Russia as a mother |
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How were women presented post-ww2? |
As a symbol of equality; Valentina Tereshkova became the first women in space in 1963 |
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What was Brezhnev's view of women? |
A more traditional role, especially when birth rates fell |
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What were working mothers blamed for? |
The social problems of the youth, i.e. alcoholism and youth delinquency |
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What was the Zhenotdel? |
The Women's department of the party |
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What happened to the Zhenotdel? |
IT was shut down in 1930 as the problems of women had been solved by Communism |
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How did the NEP affect women? |
It had a limited impact as many women didn't work in factories having been sacked at the end of the civil war |
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How many women had a job in industry in 1928, 1940 and 1945? |
3 million, 13 million and 15 million
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How many technical students were women in 1929 and 1940? |
20%, 40% |
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What did women face in factories? |
Verbal and physical abuse |
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What was the pay gap between men and woman? |
Women were paid about 60 to 65% of men |
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How many industrial jobs went to women in the 1960s? |
- Around 45%, mainly light industry - Also focused on heavy manual labour |
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What percentage of factory foreman were women between 1959 and 1965? |
Less than 1% |
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What percentage of clerical staff were women in the 1960s? |
74% |
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What percentage of those that could work but do not do so were women in the 1960s? |
90% |
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What'd Brezhnev try to recruit lots of women for in 1974? |
The Baikal-Amur railway construction |
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In the 1960s what percentage of graduates were women? |
50% |
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What percentage of medical doctors were women in 1985? |
70% |
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What percentage of art workers were women? |
65% |
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How many tractor drivers were women in 1940? |
50,000 |
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Why did the virgin land scheme try to attract young women to participate? |
To attract men |
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How many women were recruited for the virgin land scheme? |
6400 |
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How many women found good paying jobs in the virgin land scheme? |
450 |
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What percentage of farm work was mechanised in 1985> |
35% |
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What percentage of low paid farmers were women in 1970? |
72% |
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How many women had fighting roles in the Red Army during the war? |
800,,000 |
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How many of the delegate at the 1918 party congress were women? |
5% |
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What percentage of party members were women in 1918 and 1928? |
10% and 12% |
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What were female members of the party encourage to do in the 1930s? |
To quit work and join the movement of wife activist, to focus on the mothering walk |
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What percentage of party members were women in 1956? |
19.7% |
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What percentage of party members were women in 1983? |
26% |
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What percentage of people in local Soviets were women in 1959? |
27% |
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What percentage of people in local Soviets were women in 1983? |
33% |
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What was the maximum amount of women in the Central Committee between 1953 and 1985? |
4% |
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Who was Alexandra Kollontai and what did she believe? |
- A feminist - Free love over monogamous marriage and communal leaving - The withering away of family |
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What right was given to women in 1919? |
The right to work |
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What was introduced in 1926? |
Looser divorce laws, known as Postcard divorces |
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What percentage of divorces were initiated by men between 1917 and 1928? |
70% |
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What did the 1936 Marriage Code introduce? |
- end of abortion - Contraception banned - Male homosexuality banned - Lesbianism a disease - Sex outside marriage - Divorce expensive - Following divorce fathers required to pay minimum of one third of income |
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What didn't Soviet law recognise as a crime? |
Sexual harassment |
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What was the Great Retreat? |
A shift of the law toward traditional views such as tougher divorces, abortion criminalised, gay men criminalised. 1936-53 |
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How much money did women get for 5 years if they had 7 kids? |
2000 rouble a year |
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How much longer did women spend on housework in the 1930s than the 1920s? |
5 times longer |
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What'd Soviet magazines say about women? |
They criticised the double shift |
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How did the percentage of women in the population of women in the Soviet Union change between 1939 and 1959? |
Rose from 52% to 55% |
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What was legalised in 1955? |
Abortion |
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What was extended to 112 days from 77 days? |
Maternity leave |
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How did Brezhnev lower the pension age for women? |
From 60 to 55
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How much did women with 11 kids get per year? |
5000 a year |
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What did the 6th 5 year plan say? |
- Promise to improve in every way the working and living conditions of working women - Expansion of creches , childcare and communal laundries |
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What did the 7th year plan say about women? |
- Eliminate double shift - Convenience food and mass produced clothes - Make fridges widely available |
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What was the Worker and the Kolkhoz Women? |
- Two 25 meter high steel statues - Created in 1937 - Man holding a hammer - Women holding a sickle |
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Who was Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya?
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- 18 year old woman captured, tortured, and hanged by the Germans - Explicit pictures published in Pravda in 1942 - Her mother toured the country begging Soviet men to defend the Motherland and Soviet women |
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What did Brezhnev's propaganda focus on? |
- Pronatal campaign - Focusing on the natural differences between the sexes - Women's natural ability to nurture - Women's natural urge for a man - Criticised women who neglected children by going to work |
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What percentage of the workforce was female in 1955? |
- 49% |
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What was the triple shift women faced? |
- Agricultural work - Household - Craft work to supplement family income - During the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s |
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Who were turned down for work on the Virgin Lands Scheme? |
- Single women over 26 - Single mothers |
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What did the majority of women end up doing on the Virgin Land Scheme? |
- Haymaking and milking
- At about 15% of the pay of a male tractor driver |
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How did locals to the Virgin Lands see the incoming women? |
- As immoral - They enjoyed singing and dancing to western music too much |
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What was very common in the Virgin Land Scheme? |
- Sexual assault
- Little punishment |
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How many teachers in rural areas were women in 1980? |
- 80% |
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What percentage of women were farm managers in 1980? |
- 2% |
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What did the Zehnotdel work to achieve? |
- Education rights; co-education, female reading rooms, quotas for education levels - Legal rights - Reproductive rights - Martial rights - Sexual rights |
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When did communal living end? |
- 1925 |
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What did the 1926 Family code introduce? |
- Adoption rights - De facto marriage rights for men and women living together |
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What didn't the government fund under the NEP? |
- Day care and creches |
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How much more time did women spend on domestic work in 1982 than men? |
- Double |
