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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wilderness Act of 1964
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established the National Wilderness Preservation System (NWPS)
initially composed of the pre-existed Wilderness and Wild Areas on the National Forests (about 9 million acres) states manage Wilderness areas |
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Wilderness
(capital "W") |
areas set aside BY LAW and protected
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wilderness
(small "w") |
natural, real world where the fabric of life was and is woven
NOT recognized specifically by law |
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de facto wilderness
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legally unrecognized wilderness areas
meet the qualifications for Wilderness but are not designated by law |
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wilderness dependent wildlife
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vulnerable to human influences
need undisturbed habitat (e.g. eagles, grizzly bears, caribou, sheep, lynx, wolverine) |
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wilderness associated wildlife
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much regional variation, includes high elevation habitats
like wilderness but not dependent on it (e.g. marmots, pika, mule & white-tail deer, black bear, elk, moose) |
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wilderness wildlife management
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Management objectives:
1. seek natural distribution, numbers, and interactions 2. allow natural processes to control Wilderness ecosystems and their wildlife 3. keep wildlife wild (little alternation by humans) 4. permit viewing, hunting, and fishing (safely, legally, in the right spirit) 5. favor preservation of rare, threatened, and endangered species dependent on wilderness |
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Aldo Leopold
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leader in Wilderness movement
called Commanding General of the movement crusader for wilderness preservation responsible for the establishment of the first Wilderness area recognized by the U.S. Forest Service (Gila, New Mexico, 1924) |
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Bob Marshall
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leader in the Wilderness movement
The Wilderness Society funder and founder Head of Recreation for the Forest Service instituted as system for protecting wildlands on the National Forests |
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John Muir
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leader in the Wilderness movement
founder of the Sierra Club |
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water stress
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demand for water exceeds the available amount
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Wallace's line
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line that separates Oriental and Australian floral and faunal regions
coincides with a deep trench passes between the islands of Bali and Lombok |
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pothole
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sloughs and ponds
usually less then one acre made by glaciers retreating & ice chunks falling off can't be replicated easily by humans important support for ecosystems |
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Green Line Vegetation Composition
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a sampling procedure for assessing the community type and species composition along edges of live water
provides good indication of watershed health vegetation that prevents erosion along water's edge & bank |
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July Pond Index
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count the number of ponds available to waterfowl in July
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hydroseral wildlife
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wildlife adapted to wetlands
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chionophobes
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those avoiding snow
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chionophores
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those adapted to snow
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chionophiles
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preference for snow or ice flows
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reservoir effect
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dynamic nutrition enrichment of water following impoundment
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drawdown
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the deliberate seasonal or periodic drying of wetlands
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zone of degradation
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area of immediate release
massive depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO) due to immense bacterial population |
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gator holes
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miniature refuges of fresh water
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zone of active decomposition
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downstream where sludge deposits occur
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zone of recovery
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increase in dissolved oxygen (DO)
decrease in biological oxygen demand (BOD) full range of aquatic life begins again |
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guzzler
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man-made rain trap
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indirect relationships between soil and wildlife
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soil affects something that affects wildlife
*soil influences vegetation (cover & food) *trophy sized big game (minerals such as calcium and phosphorus in soil) *stream substrate influences channel profile (changes how water moves) |
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direct relationship between soil and wildlife
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soils' direct effect on wildlife
*sidewinder rattlesnakes- adapted to move in hot sand *fossorial animals- adapted to specific soil type, loam soil usually best *lead shot (lead poisoning)- doesn't settle in clay bottom ponds, more available to waterfowl *wet clay soils- mud ball formations encumber animals |
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salt lick (salt drive)
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influences distribution and movement
animals drawn to areas with minerals |
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tropical soils
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leached soils
lateritic soils poor nutrient runoff |
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crypsis
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genetic variation for camouflage
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influences of wildlife on soils
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*iguanas- burrowing influences soil formation on volcanic ash
*sea lions- transport pebbles long distances in stomach *gray whales- plow the sea floor & make it more sandy *northern pocket gophers- bring up subsoil by digging holes *earthworm cats- high in nitrogen and phosphorus *beaver- dams deposit silt *hooved animals- compact the soil, prevents percolation of water & increases erosion |
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desertification
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the spread and intensification of deserts
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rangelands
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lands unsuited for cultivation
forage for lifestock, habitat for wildlife almost 50% of earth's land area |
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manipulation of vegetation
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mechanical treatments (chaining, bullhog), prescribed burning, herbicides, re-vegetation, controlled grazing
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range livestock
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cattle, sheep, goats, horses & burros in North America
camel, reindeer, muskox, elk, zebra, elephants, ostrich, emu, etc. in other parts of the world (may be domesticated or under habitat management in the future) |
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microhistological method of diet analysis
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identification and quantification of plant species represented by epidermal tissues in dietary samples on slides
*nondestructive sampling *expensive- requires skilled specialist |
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stable isotope method of diet analysis
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ratio of isotopes found in plants and animals used to identify food
carbon, nitrogen, and other elements |
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feeding site analysis
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observation of undisturbed animals combined with sampling of vegetation
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Sorensen Index (SI)
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method of quantifying the proportion of dietary overlap among herbivores on a common rangeland
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silviculture
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general term dealing with man's activities in the forest
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clearcut
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removal of ALL trees from a given area
even-aged management |
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shelterwood cut
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removal of all trees except a few
large ones left to provide shade for developing seedlings even-aged management |
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seed-tree cut
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removal of all trees except a few
large ones left as a seed source for new growth even-aged management |
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single tree selection cut
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single trees marked and taken
surrounding trees often damaged fire risk uneven-aged management |
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group selection cut
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whole groups of trees marked and harvested
uneven-aged management |
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rotation time
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a unit of time, usually many years, that it takes for a tree that is cut to be replaced by a new tree
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cutting cycle
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time between cuts in a given stand
independent of rotation time |
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life forms descriptions
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manage groups of animals lumped by their common life-form associations
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featured species management
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management in favor of one particular species
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species richness management
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management intended to preserve biodiversity (not just one species)
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Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
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multi-layered analysis of species distribution and requirements in conjunction with habitat components
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GAP analysis
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identify gaps in representation of biodiversity by overlaying maps of land ownership, species richness, vegetation type, etc.
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Patrec modeling
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predicting habitat suitibility in Model Evaluation Units (MEUs)
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open canopy species
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benefit from timber harvest
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closed canopy species
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prefer thicker vegetation
don't like harvest |
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forest fragmentation
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reduction in range and number of animals
often directly related to species and future viability |
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wildlife management
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process for managing certain wildlife populations at a level to optimize their numbers in relation to economic, social, and ecological factors
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manipulative management
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acts on the wildlife population
directly- influences numbers indirectly- alters food supply, habitat, density of prey, disease |
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custodial mangement
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preventive or protective
minimize external influences on a wildlife population protect ecological processes |
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genetic diversity
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diversity of genes within a species
varies among populations and individuals of the same species |
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species diversity
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diversity of species in an area
inverse correlation between species richness and latitude (further species farther from equator) |
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ecosystem diversity
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the "big picture"
richness in a naturally occurring assemblage of organisms (biotic community) living together in their natural environment and functioning as a natural unit |
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conservation biology
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the study and preservation of habitat for the purpose of conserving biodiversity
discipline that emerged in the latter half of the 1980's scientific study of the phenomena that affect the maintenance, loss, and restoration of biological diversity |
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central goal
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WM: manipulation of populations
CB: maintain biodiversity |
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outlook
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WM: mostly practical
CB: mostly theoretical |
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educational background
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WM: more uniform
CB: more diverse |
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taxonomic bias
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WM: selected species of higher vertebrates
CB: all taxa |
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professional affiliation
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WM: primarily state and federal agencies
CB: primarily academic institutions |
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demographic stochasticity
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produces a chance occurrence of an unfavorable death rate or other feature of population ecology
(e.g. skewed sex ratio) |
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genetic stochasticity
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results from the chance occurrence of unfavorable genetic circumstances
(e.g. bottleneck of separated populations) |
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environmental stochasticity
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occurs with a chance occurrence of unusual level of predation, parasitism, disease, or other decimating factors
(e.g. extreme infestation of a biting insect for lions) |
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natural catastrophes
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e.g. random fires, floods, and droughts
single events, density independent |
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Animal Unit Equivalents (AUE)
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describe the number of animals of a different species that it would take to remove the same amount of forage as a ratio
takes into account weight & dietary overlap |
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acid rain
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combustion of fossil fuels mixes with water
chemical reactions in the atmosphere causes environmental damage |
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riparian
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water-related areas
may be associated with lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, potholes, etc. very productive, highly diverse areas valued for flood control |
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delta
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area formed at the mouth of a river where sediment is deposited
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oxbow
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a bend in a river that serves to slow it down
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