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103 Cards in this Set

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Why was Ottoman Empire such a strong trading empire?
They controlled all of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, so were able to dominate trade.
Characteristics of the Ottoman Empire
They captured the city of Constantinople, they had a rich trade civilization along the Mediterranean Sea, and their most famous ruler was Suleiman.
Isaac Newton
During the Scientific Revolution - came up with the laws of gravity, discovered that gravity holds planets in their orbits.
Nicolaus Copernicus
During the Scientific Revolution - wrote that the Earth and other planets revolved around the sun; Heliocentric
Galileo Galilei
During the Scientific Revolution - invented the telescope, which supported the heliocentric theory. Emphasized careful observation and testing of hypotheses. Forced by the Catholic Church to recant his ideas.
Zheng He
He was an explorer from China who explored south Asia, all the way to Africa. The result was that the Chinese began to trade with those in South West Asia and Africa.
Motivations for European Exploration?
Looking for gold, glory for their countries, and desire to spread Christianity.
Triangular Trade
The trade routes between Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Things like slaves, rum, and sugar was traded along these trade routes.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of goods, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, Africa, and Europe. Most importantly, it began the exchange of goods that would lead to cultural diffusion between Europe and the Americas.
Achievements of the Mayans
Early Mesoamerican civilization that had a writing system and a complex civilization before coming in contact with Europeans.
Achievements of the Incas
Early Mesoamerican civilizaiton that created a road system that connected their entire South American Empire and had a complex civilization before coming in contact with Europeans.
Achievements of the Aztecs
Early Mesoamerican civilization that used a calendar and had an advanced civilization before coming in contact with Europeans.
Absolutism or Absolute Monarchs
Monarch that has complete total control over their peoples’ lives claimed Divine Right to rule.
Divine Right
Monarch claiming that God placed them on the earth to rule. Not willing to answer to a legislature or the people.
Louis XIV
France “Sun King” center of government – build palace at Versailles – capt. Set artistic style & fashion of the day. Cardinal Mazarin – true ruler while Louis was a child king. Mazarin ended 30 Yrs. War in favor of France. Abolished religious toleration in France by revoking the Edict of Nantes. Limited power of nobles – France in financial trouble by end of rule.
Peter the Great
Romanov ruler in Russia, Modernized Russia (Westernize) (potatoes, newspaper, raised women’s status, fashion, education)– gained a warm water sea port – Great Northern War- war w/ Sweden gained it moved capt. To St. Petersburg. “Window to the Sea” Put the Russian Orthodox Church under state control.
Charles V
Hapsburg ruler & Holy Roman Emperor, Catholic, whom opposed Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation, inherited vast holdings in Europe due to marriage. Negotiates Peace of Augsburg – German princes decide if state is Catholic or Lutheran. Abdicates to a monastery & divided empire between his son Philip II = Spain and the Netherlands, Brother Ferdinand – Austria & HRE;
Philip II
Hapsburg ruler inherits Spain & Netherlands & seizes Portugal. Spain flourished under his reign. Felt his duty to defend Catholicism. Armada lost against Elizabeth I. Economy weakened – Severe inflation leading to Spain's downfall as a leading European power at the time.
Meiji Restoration
New ruler in Japan, sent scholars to other countries to learn Western ways & to modernize their nation: technology & foreign customs resulted in steamboats & railroads being built & a new constitution being written. Japan became the first non-Western country to successfully copy & adapt Western ways.
What were Chinese foreign relations like during the Qing Dynasty?
Increased interaction with Europe - this was extremely unpopular in china. Ex. British develop a Sphere of Influence in China resulting in the Opium Wars – where China was defeated. Also the Taiping Rebellion which was a rebellion against the Qing & with European help millions of Chinese were killed when the govt. put this revolt down
Causes of the American Revolution
Long term causes include: the examples of successful revolutions like English Civil War & Glorious Revolution. British govt. started taxing the colonists in order to pay off their massive debt from the French & Indian War. The colonists felt that these new taxes had been imposed without their consent, violating their rights as English subjects.
Causes of the French Revolution
Long term causes of this include unfair division in France between 3 estates. 1st & 2nd could always outvote the 3rd 98% of the population, Enlightenment ideas, financial crisis; immediate cause was the storming of the Bastille.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
This was issued by the National Assembly& proclaimed that the government rested on the consent of the people(popular sovereignty), not on the divine right of the king. Said that Frenchmen were free &equal.
Robespierre
Took over the French Revolution & began a Reign of Terror. They were directed by him & other radical leaders, who were followers of Rousseau. They felt they needed to use violence to achieve their goals. They used savage repression to crush the rebels. Estimated about 40,000 killed during this radical period.
World wide effects of the American and French Revolutions?
Inspired revolutionary change. Showed oppressed people around the world that revolutionary action can work in achieving self-determination.
How did the Napoleonic Code reflect Enlightenment principles?
Napoleon created stability by establishing the Code Napoleon. It consolidated revolutionary ideals like social equality, religious toleration, & trial by jury.
How did the reign of Napoleon lead to the Latin American Revolutions?
It stimulated the growth of nationalism. Napoleon weakened Spain, causing it to lose its colonial empire in Latin America.
Factors that contributed to the Industrial Revolution’s start in England?
1) Geographical advantages – had many harbors & rivers, an island protected from invasion, & close to European markets. 2) Transportation & communication – had well-developed coastal trade, canals, & most powerful navy in the world. 3) Large Colonial Empire – brought raw-materials from colonies. ?4) Powerful middle class – promoted free enterprise & brought together capital, labor & new industrial inventions. 5) Agricultural improvements – farmers used scientific methods to boost the food supply (enclosure, crop rotating, and animal breeding) fewer people were needed to work on farms.
Positive effects of the Industrial Revolution
Brought about a fundamental change in the way goods were made. It introduced mass production & the use of new source of energy to meet human needs. People started making goods in factories instead of home & began to use steam power to run machinery. Science also became more closely linked to technology, resulting in a stream of constant innovations.
Negative effects of the Industrial Revolution
While factory owners grew richer & more powerful the plight of workers grew worse. Appalling working conditions (long hours, little pay, unsafe machines, child labor). Urbanization cause cities to become overcrowded & unsanitary. Factory smoke polluted the air. Crime & mortality rates rose.
Urbanization
With the shift of work to factories, large numbers of workers moved from their farms to & homes in the countryside to cities. This migration marked one of the largest population shifts in history.
Communism
Extreme form of socialism developed by Karl Mark & Fredrick Engles; stated in the Communist Manifesto. Theory – classless society where government withers away & means of production shared communally; reality – command economy where government controls all aspects of its people’s lives! Ex. Soviet Union, China, & North Korea. Free enterprise - The freedom to make their own choices in deciding what to buy, where to work, and what to make.
laissez-faire capitalism
Adam Smith advocated this type of economic system where the govt. takes a hands off approach to the economy
labor unions
Some workers organized into unions & threatened to strike if they did not obtain higher wages & better conditions
James Watt
Scottish inventor who improved the steam engine by creating separate chambers for the steam to get hot & to cool down. His steam engine made steam power available for mechanical purposes. His improvements allowed factory construction to be placed anywhere, since factories were no longer dependent on water to power machines.
Karl Marx
Critic of the new capitalist system. He & Friedrich Engels published their ideas in the Communist Manifesto. He predicted that eventually working conditions would get so bad that workers would eventually rise up & overthrow their capitalist rulers in a violent revolution. After the revolution a he said workers would create an equal society & li8ve in perfect harmony. He called this system Communism.
Adam Smith
Capitalist who explained this theory in his book the Wealth of Nations, advocated a laissez-faire or “hands-off” approach by the government regarding the economy.
Louie Pasteur
Developed the “germ theory” idea that diseases are caused by germs & that by improving sanitation, infections, diseases & deaths would improve. He developed vaccines the process of Pasteurization, heating liquids to kill germs.
Marie Curie
Chemist & physicist who experimented with radioactivity & first woman to win the Nobel Prize
Thomas Edison
Creative American inventor of the electric light bulb, phonograph, & motion pictures.
William Wilberforce
English reformer & devout Christian who was responsible for leading the flight to abolish slavery in England.
Economic motivations for European Imperialism
European industries needed raw materials to keep their factories busy. Industrialists sought new markets in which to sell their manufactured goods.
White Man’s Burden and Social Darwinism
Duty of Europeans to spread their superior culture & civilization to areas of Africa & Asia . How were these leading factors in European Imperialism? – the theory that some societies were more successful because their cultures were superior. Other Europeans wanted to spread Christianity.
The Berlin Conference
It created boundaries in Africa that didn’t take into account the people living there, but it stopped the European countries from fighting over land in Africa that they had claimed.
Suez Canal and the Panama Canals
Europeans were were able to travel to their colonies more quickly. This meant that they had economic benefits because they made trade faster.
Neo-Classicism
Artistic Period that refers back to ancient Greece and Rome, shows heroic images with people often dressed in togas or toga-like clothes
Realism
Artistic period based on details of daily life, may emphasis the ugly or sordid, figures are dressed in daily, casual, or work clothes, objective reality, faces do not show strong emotion.
Impressionism
Painters trying to catch the impression that a scene makes. Use of pastels and often outdoor paintings.
Post-Impressionism
Variations of impressionism; Artistsof Post Impressionism: Georges Seurat – arranged small dots of color to defineshape of objects, Vincent Van Gogh – sharp brush lines, Paul Gaugin – flat,“primitive” folkart; use of bold colors and black outlining gave art intensitys
Command Economy
A system in which the government makes all the economic decisions
Free Market Economy
When the people/ companies decide how much and of what to produce.
Causes of the Russian Revolution
Long term causes include; abuses of the autocratic tsarist government, influence of Rasputin, involvement in losing wars like the Russo-Japanese War & WWI.
What did Lenin promise to do for Russia that the Provisional Government did not?

Promised to withdraw Russia from WWI.
How were the American and Russian Revolutions similar?
They both overthrew kings, although in America it was replaced with a democracy and in Russia it was replaced by a communist dictator (Lenin).
How did the unequal distribution of wealth lead to the Russian and Chinese Revolutions?
In both the Chinese and Russian revolutions the peasant classes were much poorer than the ruling classes and were supporters of communism, which promised to redistribute land and have equality for all the people.
Gandhi & the Indian nationalist movement
Led the movement for Indian independence and did so using nonviolence. He used boycotts and protests instead of violence.
Great Salt March
A march to the sea to make salt that was the greatest example of his use of civil disobedience.
(MAIN) causes and effects of WWI
Militarism (creating a big military and glorifying it), Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism. The effects were a lot of dead, the Great Depression, the rise of Fascist dictators (Hitler and Mussolini), and harsh punishments on Germany. The end of the war also meant a lot of new countries were created out of the territory of the losers, like Poland, Latvia, Lithuania and Serbia.
Nationalism
Extreme pride in one’s country or national group.
Total war
When a country uses all of its resources for a war.
14 Points
Woodrow Wilson’s (the US president) plan for peace after WWI.
League of Nations
Peace keeping body created after WWI to keep another war from happening, but without a military and without the US, Soviet Union, or Germany being involved; it was unable to do so.
Treaty of Versailles
Peace treaty that ended WWI putting all the blame on Germany, and forcing them to pay a lot of reparations (money).
Mandate System
Was set up after WWI. Instead of allowing colonies to gain their independence, they were turned into mandates, where they were administered (controlled) by western powers
How did the role of women in the United States change during WWI?
Women took over many jobs when the men went off to war. Because of this the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote right after the war, in 1920.

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote
Causes a of Global Depression
Investors borrowed money to invest in order to make a quick profit. Another problem was overproduction. Causing the Stock Market Crash of 1929. US banks withdrew their loans to Germany & in turn Germany couldn't pay it's reparation payments to Britain & France.
Effects of Global Depression
The interrelationship of loans & debts between Europe & America ensured that the recession would spread worldwide quickly. The rise of Fascism
How were the the fascist dictators able to seize control in Italy, Germany, Japan, and Spain in the years between WWI & WWII?
A new political system called Fascism appeared in Europe in the disturbed conditions after WWI. The term is taken from the political party formed by Benito Mussolini in Italy, but it is used to identify similar systems such as Nazism in Germany. The common characteristic of European Fascism include – extreme nationalism, the belief that a single party should unite all classes, All powerful leaders could best represent the national will & lead the nation, & extreme militarism – use violence to defeat their political opponents & prepared to use war for national expansion.
Adolf Hitler
His power grew out of the failure of the Wiemar Republic (democratic govt. set up in Germany after WWI) and the resentment of the Germans of the Treaty of Versailles
Appeasement
When a country gives into the more aggressive country in hopes that the will eventually stop. Letting Italy take Ethiopia, Japan take Manchuria, and letting Germany take the Rhineland, the Sudetenland (in the Munich pact) and annexing Austria are all examples of Appeasement right before WWII.
Causes of WWII
The Great Depression, the weakness of the League of Nations, the rise of Fascist dictators that came because of the Great Depression and the punishments for WWI, and the policy of appeasement. Immediate cause was Germany's invasion of Poland.
Why did the Japanese attack the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii?
They attacked Pearl Harbor to get rid of their only competition in the Pacific. Instead it led to the US entering the war
What was the significance of Operation Overlord or D-Day on June 6th, 1945?
The invasion of German-occupied France by the allies (British and American) was when the Americans entered the war on the western front, and began the fall of Germany from the west.
The atomic bomb
The technological innovation that brought an end to WWII. Dropped on the cities of Hiroshima & Nagasaki.
Mandate System
Legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I.
The creation of the nation of Israel
In 1948 the U.N. partitioned Palestine into two states – Israel (Jewish homeland) & Palestine.
Independence movements/Decolonization
Eventually leading to the push for independence by nations of former influence.
The United Nations (UN)
Was created after WWII to keep a WWIII from occurring and to keep peace throughout the world.
Israel
Nation was created to rectify the Nazi atrocities in the Holocaust.
Cold War
Was a period of fear when the world’s two superpowers (the United States and the Soviet Union) were on the brink of war. It was a competition between their two economic types (capitalism vs. communism) and included wars fought against each other’s allies, an arms race, and a space race. The fall of the Berlin Wall signified the end of the Cold War.
Containment
Policy of the US during the Cold War where we wanted to keep Communism “contained” or only in, the areas it already was.
Marshall Plan
US loan plan that gave money to countries trying to recover from WWII (Success).
Berlin Airlift
US & Britain sent supplies to West Berlin after it had been blockaded by the USSR (Success)
Bay of Pigs Invasion
U.S. tried to take out the communist leader, Fidel Castro (Failure)
Korean War
U.S. protected democratic South Korea from communist North Korea; ended where it began with the nation divided at the 38th parallel. (Success)
Vietnam War
U.S. tried, but couldn’t, keep communist North Vietnam from taking over democratic South Vietnam (Failure)
Decolonization and the independence movements in Africa
Slowly, African Nationalist start gaining influence and power through grassroots campaigns to end Colonial rule, and allow for more self-governance. However, World War II and the Cold War slowed the process of African countries gaining independence down. By the mid 1970’s all countries in Africa were independent, however most have struggled to overcome the colonial legacies.
Fundamentalism
A usually religious movement or point of view characterized by a return to fundamental principles, by rigid adherence to those principles, and often by intolerance of other views and opposition to secularism.
Arab Israeli Conflict
Both the Israelis and the Palestinians have historic claims to the land, and both groups consider it the Holy Land.
Genocide
When someone kills a specific group (racial, ethnic, religious, or other) with the intent to wipe them out/ destroy the whole group. Ex. the Holocaust. In the Balkans, the Serbs were trying to wipe out the Bosnian Muslims, and in Darfur, the Hutus were trying to kill all the Tutsis, which makes them both genocides.
Politically motivated mass murder
When the government kills a large number of people to keep themselves in power, but is not targeting or attempting to kill all of one group. The Cultural Revolution in China and the Ukrainian Famine and Great Purge in the USSR ended with a lot of death, but it was a product of the leaders trying to keep control and was a politically motivated mass murder.
Terrorism
The unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
United States’ response to the 9/11 attack
War on Terror, which began with overthrowing the Taliban in Afghanistan. We also enacted the Patriot Act and created the Department of Homeland Security.
Globalization
Refers to the increasing global relationships of culture, people, and economic activity. Technology connects the world and makes nations more interdependent on each other.
Ronald Reagan
American president who fought to end the Cold War and to halt the spread of communism
Pope John Paul II
Polish pope who visited more countries than any other pope and helped end communism in East Europe
Lech Walesa
Helped to end communism, specifically in Poland
Mikhail Gorbachev
Last leader of the USSR. He instituted glasnost and perestroika (openness and restructuring of the government) which helped end communism in the Soviet Union. He also officially made the announcement that the USSR had collapsed.
Golda Meir
Prime minister of Israel who fought the Yom Kippur War
Indira Gandhi
Prime minister of India who was a proponent of the Green Revolution.
Margret Thatcher
Prime minister of England, known as the Iron Lady, who fought communism during the Cold War.
Mother Theresa
Catholic nun who helped feed children and the poor in India.