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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What disease results in excess urine production and thirst, but there is no sugar involved?
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Diabetes insipidus
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This hormone is responsible for uterine contraction during labor:
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Oxytocin
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What hormone stimulates milk let-down during nursing?
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Oxytocin
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Is oxytocin regulated by a positive or negative feedback system?
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Positive
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Which thyroid hormone is more active: T3 or T4?
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T3
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Which hormone is probably a pro-hormone?
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T4
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What converts T4 to T3 and is primarily responsible for circulating levels of T3?
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5'-deiodinase
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Does starvation inhibit or stimulate TRH?
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Inhibits
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Does sensation of cold inhibit or stimulate TRH?
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Stimulates
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Somatostain by which tissues and what two things does it inhibit?
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CNS, Pancreas, G-track, Insulin, glucagon
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What is considered normal serum glucose levels?
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80 – 120 mg/dL
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What is Diabetes Mellitus?
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Glucose cannot uptake into cells because insulin is not present.
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How does Ketosis cause Acidosis?
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Ketones are acids which lower the pH of the blood causing acidosis.
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Diabetes affects how many people world wide?
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135 million
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With regards to risk factors for Diabetes, what is a typical diet seen?
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High refined carbohydrate diet.
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Is Type 1 Diabetes insulin dependent?
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Yes
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Is Type 2 Diabetes insulin dependent and when does it typically occur?
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No, during adult life.
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What is Gestational Diabetes?
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Diabetes of Pregnancy.
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What is Diabetic vascular disease?
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Small anyeruism, ballooning of vessels causing loss of blood supply, and artherosclerosis.
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What is the normal fasting blood sugar?
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80-120mg/dl
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Type 1 diabetics can be taken off of insulin
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False
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What do Gliburides do?
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Improve inuslin production
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What do Biguanides do?
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Reduce gluconeogenisis
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What's hypoglycemia?
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Blood sugar below 40mg/dl
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) increases the level of vitamin D3 which causes an increase in intestinal absorption of what?
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Ca+
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Calcitonin is used to treat what?
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osteoporosis/osteomalacia
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Vitamin D3 is made in the body by what?
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UV light (sunshine)
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Vitamin D3(dihdroxy)increases intestinal absorption of what?
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Ca++
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Where is the adrenal cortex located?
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The superior pole of the kidney (top)
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What hormone is the backbone of the adrenal cortex?
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cholesterol
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Mineralocorticoids are a layer of the ___________?
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adrenal cortex
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___________ is the principal mineralocorticoid.
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Aldosterone
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Actions of Aldosterone?
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Promote Na+ reabsorption in the kidney - inhibits K+ reabsorption in the kidney - antidiretic, absorbs more Na+ - Acts primarily on the proximal convoluted tubule
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CRH is made by the ________________
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hypothalmus
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ACTH is made by the ____________
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anterior pituitary
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Aldosterone is made by the _____________
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zona glomerulosa
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CRH, ACTH and Aldosterone inhibit hypothalmus ___________ loop and anterior pituitary _______ loop
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long, short
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Hyperaldosteronism is ____ much aldosterone
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too
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Hyperaldosteronism is also called ______?
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Conn's syndrome
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Conn's syndrome is caused by ____________ or ________
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adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal adenoma
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_________________ increases renin angiotensin system activity causing a decrease in BP
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hyperaldosteronism
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Conn's disease is an ____ in aldersterone, ______ normal cortison and ____ renin
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increased, normal, decreased
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secondary hyperaldosteronism is an _____ in alderstone, ____ cortisol and ___ renin
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increased, normal, increased
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Cushings syndrome is a ______ to ____ aldosterone, _____ cortison and _____ renin
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decreased to normal, increased, decreased
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Adrenal insufficiency is also called _______?
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Addisons disease
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Addisons disease is a _______ aldosterone, _____ cortison and ____ renin
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decreasesd, decreased and increased
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Pituitary disease is a _____ aldosterone, ____ cortisol, and ____ renin
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normal, decreased, normal
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Atrial natriuretic hormone is a ______
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protien
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Atrial natriuretic hormone ______ glomerulation filtration rate and ________ Na+ and water reabsorption
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increases, inhibits
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glucocorticoids act as an ___________
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anti-inflammatory
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cortisol considered a ___________
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glucocorticoid
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glucocorticoids acts as an ____________set up to preserve the brain
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intermediary metabolism
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glucocorticoids in connective tissue _______ collegen formation and ______ bone deposition
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inhibits, decrease
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glucocorticoils in the blood _______ levels of neutrophil, _____ levels of lymphocyes, monocytes & eosinophiles, and ______ immune response
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increase, decrease and decrease
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Glucocorticoids effect the heart by ______ BP, _____ cardiac output and _____ vascular tone
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increase, increase, increase
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cortisol considered a ___________
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glucocorticoid
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glucocorticoids acts as an ____________set up to preserve the brain
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intermediary metabolism
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glucocorticoids in connective tissue _______ collegen formation and ______ bone deposition
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inhibits, decrease
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glucocorticoils in the blood _______ levels of neutrophil, _____ levels of lymphocyes, monocytes & eosinophiles, and ______ immune response
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increase, decrease and decrease
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Glucocorticoids effect the heart by ______ BP, _____ cardiac output and _____ vascular tone
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increase, increase, increase
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1. Where is GnRH produced?
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a. Hypothalamus
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2. What hormone is negative feedback on LH & FSH in the follicular phase?
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a. Estradiol
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3. The corpus luteum develops during what phase of the menstrual cycle?
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a. Luteal phase
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4. How many phases are there in the menstrual cycle?
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a. Four – Menstrual phase, Resurfacing, Proliferative phase and Secretory phase.
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5. Prolactinoma is developed during what phase of Amenorrhea?
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a. Tertiary
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6. What hormone acts to ripen the cervix and to relax the pubic symphosis?
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a. Relaxin
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7. What s does oxytocin stimulate?
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a. Labor contractions or lactation
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8. What is the outcome of deficient oxytocin?
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a. Prolonged labor or hypotonic
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9. Name two complications during pregnancy?
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a. Preeclampsia or Gestational Diabetes
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What cells secrete insulin for glucose up take?
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b - cells
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If serum glucose is low, what cells secrete glucagons to raise serum glucose?
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islet cells
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What disease is known as "starvation in a sea of plenty"?
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Hyperglycemia is considered to be serum glucose of :
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200 mg/dL
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An increase in thirst is called?
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polydipsia
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Fat metabolism is also known as:
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ketosis
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Acidosis is a pH level in the body that is less than :
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7.4 ..
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How many people in the US are affected by diabetes?
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17 million
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What is the percentage of all diabetes si Type 2 adult onset?
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90% ..
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The risk of stroke because of diabetes is _____ times greater than for those with out diabetes.
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4 times
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Name 5 of the 10 risk factores for diabetes.
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1) genetics
2) feast or famine gene 3) high refined carbohydrate diet 4) diet foods/drinks 5) high saturated fat diet 6) nutritional deficiency: EFA, Ainc, chromiu, magnesium, vanadium, b vitamins 7) lack of exercise 8) BMI > 35 9) Hormonal imbalances 10) Environmental factors |
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Type I Diabetes is always _________ dependent.
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insulin
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The lack of __________ leads to little or no production of insulin
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b-cells
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Type II Diabetes is also known as ____________ ___________.
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insulin dependent
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Diabetes of pregnancy is also known as:
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gestational diabetes
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A macrovascular change that can occur for someone with diabetes is:
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artherosclerosis
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What are mineralocorticoids?
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Principal mineralocorticoid is aldosterone which is
antidiuretic |
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Regulation of aldosterone secretion. What is the pathway?
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CRH-ACTH=aldosterone-inhibits hypthothalamus and
ant. pituitary |
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What is hypoaldosteronism?
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Ald. works on distal renal tubule. Primary Hyperaldosteronism
AKA Conn’s Syndrome: adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal adenoma. Secondary hyperaldosteronism inc. renin angiotensin---decrease BP |
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Which condition has high cortisol, low-normal aldosterone
and low renin, Cushings or Conn’s |
Cushings
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Which horomone is made by the heart, regulates
secretion, increasees glomerulation filtration rate |
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
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Which is the most potent natural glucocorticoid?
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cortisol
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What are two actions of glucocorticoids:
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anti-inflamatory, inhibits secrection of interleuken I ,
lymphocyte production |
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What are two more actions of glucocorticoids?
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it is set up to preserve brain, protein catabolic, and inhibits
DNA synthesis |
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What are two more actions of glucocorticoids?
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inhibits collagen formation and diminishes immune response
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Do glucocorticoids effect the cardiovascular system
and CNS? |
yes
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What does Catecholamines do to the Cardiovascular system?
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increase output
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What will Catecholamines do to the CNS?
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high state of arousal
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What is Waterhouse Friedrickson Syndrome?
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hemorrhagic infarct of the adrenals
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What is the temperature of the Testes?
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35C
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What is responsible for male libido?
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Testosterone
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Gonadotrophin releasing hormone is released by what gland?
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Hypothalamus
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What is Cryptorchidism?
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Non-dissent of testicles
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What are the actions of Glucocorticoids? Cardiovascular?
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Increase blood pressure,Increase cardiac output, Increase vasculare tone,
Other hormones- Inhibit TSH production,Inhibit GnRH production Inhibit GnRH production,Stimulate gastric mucus,Immunosupression |
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What does ACTH do?
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stimulates production of pregnenalone, stimulates growth of adrenal cortex,
in excess it causes hypertrophy of cortex, If lacking causes atrophy of cortex |
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In regards to the Control of glucocorticoid secretion, what are feedback effectors?
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Stress, perceived by brain to stimulate hypo to release CRH
Cortisol increases in response to stress rapidly. (ALARM) If stress continues, cortisol plateaus (RESISTANCE). Cortisol will continue to be made until stress is resolved or until adrenals exhausted at which time cortisol falls resulting in death. Cortisol loss leads to shock, drop in BP and death. Circadian rhythm, daily, secreted more at night and during deep sleep |
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What are the Adrenal androgens?
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Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
DHEA-S Androstenedione |
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Adrenocortical Insufficiency is also known as disease?
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Addison's Disease
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Is cortisol increased or decrease in Addison's disease?
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Decreased cortisol (aldosterone)
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What are 5 signs and symptoms of Cushing's Disease?
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Obesity, Thinning of the skin,Striae, stretch marks
Hirsutism, hair excess in male pattern due to increase in androgens Glucose intolerance |
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What is the primary defect of hyperthyroidism?
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Thyroid gland
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What is the most common hyperthyroid disease?
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Grave's disease
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What are the symptoms of Grave's disease?
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Excessive sweating, Diarrhea, goiter, tachycardia
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What is the Wolff Chaikoff effect?
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No thyroid hormone release due to high doses of iodine
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What are the effects of cretinism is newborns?
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Dwarfism and permanent mental retardation
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What are the three major effects of hyperthyroidism in adults?
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Tired, fatigue, mental slowness
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What are the symptoms of a Goiter?
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Dysphagia, cough, thyorid senstive to the touch
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What is Hashimoto's disease?
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Where the immune system attacks the thyroidglobulin
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What deficiency may create Euthyroid?
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5'deiodinase
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Name two treatments for hyperthyroidism?
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Hormone replacment, synthetic T4 or T3, Tyrosine
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What does 2 hormones are on Posterior Pituitary?
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ADH, Oxytocin(Pitocin)
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Explain long and short loop of Ant Pituitary hormones?
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the long loop hormones comes from the 3rd hormone and acts on pituitary and hypothalmus. Short loop pituitary acts back on hypothalmus to inhibit releasing factor
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what are the 3 effects called and what do they do?
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Primary effect- target organ. 2ndary- pituitary problem and Tertiary- hypothalmic problem
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What is the function of growth hormone?
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stimulate secretion of IGF-3 which is primarily mediated by insulin growth factor and increase growth of the long bones
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How is GH controled?
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GRH from the hypothalmus stimulates the secretion of GH from short loop
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Name 3 diseases from to much GH?
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Giantism (in the young epipheseal plates not closed, Acromegaly(in adults after plates have closed) and Glucose tolerance.
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The secretions from lung alveoli, the esophagus, G.I. tract, urinary and reproductive system are secreted from endocrine or exocrine glands?
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Hormones
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A substance that travels through the blood, that is produced by a cell or organ to arrive and specifically act on a target is called?
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Endocrine Glands
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When blood sugar increases above the set point, the pancreas makes and releases insulin to bring glucose into cytoplasm to bring blood glucose down. As it decreases, insulin is shut off. Is this an example of positive or negative feedback?
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Negative Feedback
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Where does metabolism of hormones mainly occur?
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Liver
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The hypothalamus and pituitary gland communicate through a portal system. True or False?
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True
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Releasing hormones such as thyrotropin RH, Corticotropin RH, and Gonadotropin RH are located where?
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Hypothalamus
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In the hypothalamus, somatostatin does not function as a growth hormone. True or False?
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False
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Which gland is the master gland of the body?
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Pituitary
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There are 3 parts of the anterior pituitary, the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. Which one is the most important part for humans?
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Pars Distalis
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Glands without ducts are called?
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Exocrine glands
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Insertion of a tube and camera into stomach for visualization is called?
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Endoscopy
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The test used to identify ulcers, hiatal hernias, polyps and reflux whereby a patient is given alka seltzer and Barium is called?
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Upper GI series
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One way to evaluate the esophagus is through a test in which a patient swallows different Barium preparations and is then x-rayed in various positions. True or False?
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True
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When patient has difficulty emptying material from the oral pharynx into the esophagus, it is called?
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Pre-esophageal dysphagia
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If patient has dysphagia, getting worse quickly, and unexplained weight loss, what do you suspect?
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carcinoma of esophagus
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There are two types of carcinomas of the esophagus; 1. squamous cell carcinoma and 2. adenocarcinoma, which one is found in the lower esophagus?
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adenocarcinoma
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What is the term for painful swallowing?
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odynophagia
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Hypersalivation d/t acid in lower esophageal area stimulating the vagus nerve is called?
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waterbrash
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What is Globus Hystericus?
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A sensation of a lump in the throat due to a psychological condition
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Esophageal dysphagia can be d/t 1. a motility disorder or 2. a mechanical obstruction. Give one example of each.
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1 achalasia, spasms, scleroderma
2 dysphagia, stricture |
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The test used to identify ulcers, hiatal hernias, polyps and reflux whereby a patient is given alka seltzer and Barium is called?
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upper GI series
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What is oropharangeal and esophageal dysphagia?
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Difficulty swallowing d/t difficulty passing food through oropharynx or esophagus
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When patient has difficulty emptying material from the oral pharynx into the esophagus, it is called?
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Pre-esophageal dysphagia
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