Western Civ To 1660 Final Review

Front 1

Why was Mecca important religiously, even before the rise of Islam?

Back 1

Mecca was a religious center because it contained a shrine, the Ka'ba, which served as a sacred place within which war and violence among all tribes were prohibited.

Front 2

What was/is the Hijra?

Back 2

Emigration of Muhammad in 622 to Medina.

Front 3

How did Muhammad's position in Medina affect the development of political and religious institutions in Islam?

Back 3

his position set the pattern by which islamic society would be governed afterward; rather than add a church to political and cultural life, muslim political and religious institutions were inseperable

Front 4

The holy book of Islam is called the Qur'an. What is the meaning and significance of this word?

Back 4

The Qur'an, which means "recitation," is understood to be God's revelation as told to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel, then recited in turn by Muhammad to others.

Front 5

What are some of the reasons which help to explain why Muslim forces took the Mediterranean world by storm in the century after Muhammad's death?

Back 5

islamic forces went up against weakened forces; the conquered peoples were accepting of new muslim leadership due to previous bad leadership; arabs were used to intertribal warfare, now they could use their skills against unbelievers; they would build cities i conquered territories and import muslims

Front 6

What was the Umayyad caliphate's (c. 661-750) policy toward Christians and Jews?

Back 6

Christians and Jews were considered "protected subjects" and were allowed to worship as they pleased in return for the payment of a special tax.

Front 7

After the revolution of 750, the new Abbasid caliphate moved its capital city away from Damascus. Where did it relocate?

Back 7

Baghdad

Front 8

How was the Spanish emirate of Cordoba in Spain created in 756?

Back 8

During the Abbasid revolution, Abd al-Rahman - a member of the Umayyad family - fled to North Africa, gathered an army, invaded Spain, and was declared emir (commander) after only one battle.

Front 9

What was the name of the peace accord between the Lombards and Pope Pippin III, which secured the papacy's dominions in central Italy and confirmed the pope's independence from Byzantium?

Back 9

Donation of Pippin

Front 10

How did Carolingian kings symbolize their belief that they were appointed by God?

Back 10

Anointment: they were rubbed with oil on their foreheads and on their shoulders in a ceremony that to contemporaries harked back to Old Testament kinds who had been anointed by God.

Front 11

What was the significance for medieval people of the act of homage and the promise of fealty?

Back 11

Homage - "I promise to be your man" ; fealty - promise of fidelity, trust, and service : represented a visual and verbal contract. Bound vassal to lord with reciprocal obligations, usually military.

Front 12

What were the distinguishing characteristics of the Benedictine monastery at Cluny?

Back 12

Known for its status as St. Peter's property and the elaborate round of prayers that its monks carried out with scrupulous devotion.

Front 13

What were the accomplishments of King Alfred the Great (r. c. 871-899) of Wessex?

Back 13

fortified settlements throughout wessex, divided the army into two parts, danegeld, started a navy

Front 14

A reform movement to purify and reinvigorate Christianity emerge during the eleventh century, laying particular emphasis on which two breaches of canon law?

Back 14

nicolaitism (clerical marriage) and simony (buying of church offices)

Front 15

How and when was the Investiture Conflict finally resolved?

Back 15

Concordat of Worms of 1122 - compromise relied on conceptual distinction between two parts of the investiture ceremony - the spiritual and the secular

Front 16

In 1140, Gratian's Concordance of Discordant Canons (also known as the Decretum) was published in an effort to achieve what important end?

Back 16

attempt to gather together and organize canon laws.

Front 17

The battle of Manzikert (1071) has what significance?

Back 17

it marked the end of Byzantine domination in the region

Front 18

What happened during the First Crusade?

Back 18

goal: to wrest the holy land from the muslims and subject it to christian rule. Accomplished because of muslim disunity. Crusaders took Antioch in 1098, Jerusalem in 1099

Front 19

How did Jews fare during the First Crusade?

Back 19

they were socially isolated and used as scapegoats. pushed into the profession of moneylending. eventually discriminated against and massacred

Front 20

Why is the battle of Hastings (1066) often referred to as one of history's rare decisive battles?

Back 20

It was the point at which William (duke of Normandy) took control of the realm

Front 21

In the twelfth century, royal justices toured England making visits, called eyres. What function was exercised by these justices?

Back 21

inquest under royal supervision

Front 22

St. Bernard (c. 1090-1153) was the guiding spirit for which monastic order?

Back 22

the Cistercian Order

Front 23

"Friar" was the name used to describe the monks of which monastic orders?

Back 23

the Franciscan Order

Front 24

How and why was William I able to build a strong monarchy in England?

Back 24

he invaded england when Edward the Confessor died childless, and claimed the throne of England. he fought his opposition, and won. this victory was considered a verdict of god by the peopel

Front 25

What was the outcome of the Fourth Crusade?

Back 25

In April 1204, the Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and conquered the Christian (Eastern Orthodox) city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. This is seen as one of the final acts in the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church.

Front 26

What was unique about the Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229)?

Back 26

first time the pope offered warriors fighting an enemy in Christian Europe all the spiritual and temporal benefits of a crusade to the Holy Land. suspended debts and promised forgiveness of sins

Front 27

Although the Magna Carta (1215) came to be viewed as the first document to guarantee the legal rights of all Englishmen, what was its original intent?

Back 27

to define the "customary" obligations and rights of the nobility and forbidding the king to break from these customs without consulting his barons.

Front 28

What were the key convictions of Innocent III, the first pope to be trained at Paris and Bologna?

Back 28

secular kings and emperors existed to help the pope. conception of the pope as lawmaker and of law as an instrument of moral reformation

Front 29

How would you characterize the period of the Avignon popes (1309-1378)?

Back 29

"Babylonian Captivity" - popes established a sober and efficient organization that took in regular revenues and gave the papacy more say than ever before in the appointment of churchmen

Front 30

After the battle of Lewes, in which he defeated King Henry III (r. 1216-1272) of England, what innovative step was taken by Simon de Montfort (c. 1208-1265)?

Back 30

convened a parliament in 1265. summoned not only earls/barons/churchmen, but also representatives from towns. first time the commons were given a voice in govt

Front 31

In the Divina Commedia, whom did Dante choose as his guide through Hell and Purgatory?

Back 31

pagan poet Virgil

Front 32

What were the conditions prevalent in the fourteenth century that unleashed and exacerbated the catastrophe known as the Black Death?

Back 32

famines, bad weather, overcrowding, filth

Front 33

Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, which power shifted its support away from the English king, Henry V, to the French dauphin?

Back 33

Burgundy

Front 34

At Rheims, Joan of Arc anointed the dauphin as which King of France?

Back 34

King Charles VII of France

Front 35

Why did the English peasants revolt in 1381?

Back 35

imposition of a poll tax passed by Parliament in 1377 to raise money for the war against France, a war which the peasants believed only benefited the king and the nobility

Front 36

The Ottomans defeated the last organized Christian resistance south of the Danube River, in 1389, at which battle?

Back 36

Battle of Kosovo

Front 37

Which was the capital city whose ruler touted it as the "Third Rome" in the second half of the fifteenth century?

Back 37

Moscow - Ivan III

Front 38

An effect of the Hundred Years' War was the collapse of some of the largest banks in Europe. This was a result of which factors?

Back 38

general recession in the european economy ; italian bankers had assets tied up in loans to english monarchy, they had no choice but to extend new credits. Edward defaulted, and banks went bankrupt. diminished production and trade in europe

Front 39

In 1378, sixteen cardinals met in Rome and elected an Italian, Urban VI, pope. What happened next?

Back 39

Urban immediately tried to curb the cardinals' power. In response, 13 cardinals elected another pope, Clement VII, and returned to Avignon, thus beginning the Great Schism.

Front 40

Under pressure from Emperor Sigismund to resolve the Great Schism, Pope John XXIII convened a church council at Constance in 1414, which elected which new pope?

Back 40

Martin V

Front 41

In 1378, the Oxford theologian John Wycliffe published On the Church - what did he argue in this work?

Back 41

true church is a community of believers rather than a clerical hierarchy.

Front 42

In their quest to revive the cultural glory of the ancient world, where did Renaissance humanists focus much of their attention?

Back 42

the "humanities" - the liberal arts

Front 43

What was the impact in Western Europe of the fall of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453?

Back 43

sent greek scholars to Italy for refuge, giving extra impetus to the revival of Greek learning in the West, especially in Venice and Florence.

Front 44

How did Renaissance artists see themselves as different from earlier painters?

Back 44

they exalted the artist above the "mere artisan," claiming to be independent of the blueprints of a patron

Front 45

Under what circumstances did Renaissance artists typically work?

Back 45

usually relied on wealthy patrons for support

Front 46

How did Renaissance art differ from earlier forms of art?

Back 46

depiction of the world as the eye perceives it. "visual perspective" 3D on 2D medium

Front 47

The Florentine political theorists Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) wrote a treatise on the mercenary nature of statecraft. What was this treatise called?

Back 47

The Prince

Front 48

Why did the eastern Mediterranean lose much of its appeal for Venetian and Genoese merchants in the second half of the fifteenth century?

Back 48

the Ottomans embarked on an ambitious naval program to transform their empire into a major maritime power. War and piracy disrupted Christian trade

Front 49

in the fourteenth century, which was the least important part of the known world at the time, in terms of sophistication and economic importance?

Back 49

Europe

Front 50

Why and to whom did the late-medieval Catholic church grant indulgences?

Back 50

indulgences were sold to fund the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and the cost of the new archbishops election.

Front 51

Thomas More's Utopia (1516) describes an imaginary land. What was More's larger purpose in writing?

Back 51

upheld conscience over political expediency

Front 52

Why, in 1517, was Martin Luther moved to compose his ninety-five theses?

Back 52

sale of indulgences and the purchase of church offices (simony)

Front 53

Martin Luther attacked the church, called for radical reforms, and even praised Jan Hus at the Imperial Diet of Worms, yet he did not suffer Hus' fate. Why not?

Back 53

Luther had the protection of Frederick the Wise, the elector of Saxony (one of the seven german princes entitled to elect the HRE) and Luther's lord

Front 54

Luther's position condemning the german peasants during the Peasants' War of 1525, as well as his subsequent teachings, set which significant precedent in German history?

Back 54

created a split between protestant north and catholic south; also, lutheran church would henceforth depend on established political authority for its protection

Front 55

Why did Martin Luther and his followers, initially called "evangelicals" (From the greek word evangelion, meaning "good tidings"), come to be called "Protestants?"

Back 55

the protest by lutheran german princes of HRE Charles V's declaration of roman catholic faith as the empire's only legitimate religion

Front 56

What was the significance of the publication "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1536) by John Calvin?

Back 56

john calvin and his followers take control in geneva, making that city the center for calvinist reform; geneva would become a single theocratic community, dissent was not tolerated

Front 57

At the center of his theology, Calvin placed "predestination," a doctrine that argued what exactly?

Back 57

God had foreordained every man, woman, and child to salvation or damnation - even before the creation of the world.

Front 58

What was the context for the massacre of thousands of French Protestants on St. Bartholomew's Day, August 24, 1572?

Back 58

tensions between catholics and huguenots (french protestants) concerning an assassination attempt on a huguenots life; concerning with huguenot revenge, Catherine convinced her son to order the massacre of leading huguenots.

Front 59

When and why did King Henry IV declare "Paris is worth a Mass"?

Back 59

1593, so that he could establish control over the war-weary country, he had to place the interests of the french state ahead of his protestant faith.

Front 60

Henry IV was urged to put the needs of the state ahead of religious affiliations by pro-toleration Catholics and Protestants. What were these individuals known as?

Back 60

politiques

Front 61

The Peace of Augsburg (1555) made Lutheranism a legal religion in the predominantly Catholic Holy Roman Empire. What might be considered the chief defect of the Peace of Augsburg?

Back 61

it excluded Calvinist, Anabaptist, and other dissenting groups from the settlement

Front 62

In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg forced Emperor Charles V to recognize the Lutheran church in the Holy Roman Empire. What else did it provide for?

Back 62

it also accepted the secularization of church lands but kept the remaining ecclesiastical territories for catholics, and, most important, established the principle that all princes, whether catholic or lutheran, enjoyed the sole right to determine the religion of their lands and subjects

Front 63

In 1571, what event ended Turkish dominance of the Mediterranean Sea?

Back 63

Victory at Lepanto by Spain, Venice, and the papacy

Front 64

Why, in 1527, did King Henry VIII of England take the first steps that would ultimately result in severing the English church's ties with Rome?

Back 64

his wife (Catherine of Aragon) had failed to produce a male heir, so he sought another marriage that produce the heir he needed to consolidate the rule of his Tudor dynasty

Front 65

In 1529, the English Parliament passed legislation that made Henry VIII head of the Anglican church. What was this legislation called?

Back 65

The Act of Supremacy of 1529

Front 66

Thomas More served as lord chancellor under King Henry VIII. Why was he beheaded in 1535?

Back 66

treason - he refused to recognize Henry as "the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England"

Front 67

The Anglican Protestant cause finally took firm hold in England during the reign of which English monarch?

Back 67

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

Front 68

Why were the Church of England's Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion (1563) so clever from both a religious and a political point of view?

Back 68

They incorporated elements of Catholic ritual along with Calvinist doctrines

Front 69

How did the Thirty Years' War end in 1648?

Back 69

Peace of Westphalia - france and sweden gained the most. france replaced spain as a major power. spanish habsburgs lost the most

Front 70

During the sixteenth century, what effect in Europe did the flood of precious metals from the Americas and the tremendous growth in population have?

Back 70

caused inflation in food prices and moderate rise in the cost of manufactured goods; recession strikes after 1660

Front 71

What was the stable food of European peasants in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries?

Back 71

grain replaced expensive meat; staple foods were bread, soup with a little fat or oil, peas or lentils, garden vegetables in season, and occasionally a piece of meat or fish