Western Civ - Exam 3

Front 1

Islam

Back 1

"Submission"

Front 2

Muhammad (570-632) “The Prophet”

Back 2

 Prophet
 Born in Mecca
 Grew up as a Carrivan guide
 Married a woman who was rich
 Thought of religious things
 Had visions in his meditation
 Earthy knowledge is the spirit of Islam
 An angel tells him to “recite”
 Mecca becomes his hometown

Front 3

Mecca & Ka’aba Stone

Back 3

 Becomes Muhammad’s hometown
 Ka’aba Stone was said to absorb sin when touched, turning it from a beige to dark color
 Said it became dark due to the sins taken in
 Kicked out of Mecca, moves to Medina

Front 4

Medina

Back 4

 Completes a faith outline and converts many people with his following

Front 5

Five Pillars of Faith
Creed

Back 5

 There is only one God
 Muhammad is his last and greatest prophet

Front 6

Five Pillars: Ritual Prayer

Back 6

 Facing the direction of Mecca, bowing with forehead touching the ground

Front 7

Five Pillars: Almsgiving

Back 7

 The idea of sharing everything you have with everybody

Front 8

Five Pillars: Fasting – Ramadan

Back 8

 Celebrates Muhammad’s original visions
 Don’t eat during the day
 Eat at night, but only in moderation

Front 9

Pilgrimage to Mecca (optional)

Back 9

 An optional pillar, since it could become expensive
 Days long event that showed Muhammad’s visions

Front 10

Jihad

Back 10

 The concept of Holy War or spreading faith through the infidel
 Considered to be the last of the 6th pillar

Front 11

Abu Bakr – “caliph”

Back 11

 “Caliph” refers to a political / military leader (not a prophet)
 Helps spread tradition of religion

Front 12

Sh’ite / Sunni split

Back 12

 Sh’ites considered the more conservative of the two
 Don’t approve of Abu Bakr, because they believed the follower of Muhammad should have been his son.
 Cater to the traditional sides of life (in dress, life customs)
 Sunni considered the more liberal of the two
 Accept changes in custom
 Approve of the “caliph” idea and of Abu

Front 13

Merovingians (500’s – 700’s)

Back 13

 First of the royal families
 Thought to have been started by Clovis
 Considered the first ruler of the Franks
 Continue as French kings into 700s
 Didn’t do the real work as king
 The real responsibility fell on the king’s assistant(s)

Front 14

“Mayor of the Palace”

Back 14

 The real person in charge, making decisions
 Admin of the king’s household
 The King’s right hand man

Front 15

Charles “the Hammer” Martel

Back 15

 Duke of the Franks
 De facto ruler of Frankish Realms

Front 16

Battle of Poitiers (Tours) 732

Back 16

 Struggles between the Muslims & French that lasted in more than one battle
 Martel manages to stop the Muslims from invading, becomes a hero
 Given the name “The Hammer”

Front 17

Jabal-al-Tarik

Back 17

 Crossed the Muslims into Spain
 Helped establish the Strait of Gibraltar

Front 18

Peppin (Pepin) “the Short”

Back 18

 Charles Martel’s son
 Wants to become king instead of Mayor of the Palace
 Does a favor for the Pope, who takes away from the Merovingian’s blessings
 Crowned as King of the French

Front 19

Carolingians – 751

Back 19

 Dealt with Martel and his family

Front 20

Charlemagne (768 – 814)

Back 20

 Considered to be the greatest of the Carolingians
 Son of Peppin
 Given the name Charles the Great

Front 21

Charlemagne: Military expansion – Spanish March, etc.

Back 21

 Extends France’s borders into the north, east, and south
 Created the Spanish March (buffer territory between France and Spain)

Front 22

Charlemagne: Political / administrative – “counts” and secretaries

Back 22

 Divided the state into subdivisions and provinces
 Creates a bureacracy
 Appoints “counts” who are to be loyal to him
 Secret spies were made to make sure the counts did their job

Front 23

Charlemagne: Education / culture – schools, Aachen, Einhard

Back 23

 Created schools for his children
 Aachen becomes his new capital
 A dedicated servant and friend to Charlemagne, wrote his a biography for him (The Life of Charlemange)

Front 24

Charlemagne: “Holy Roman Emperor” – Christmas, 800

Back 24

 Crowned Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas (December 25, 800)
 Considered a reward from the Pope

Front 25

Louis “the Pious” (814 – 842)

Back 25

 Son of Charlemagne
 Inherits the throne
 Looked at as a disappointment in following his father, and as a king
 Disinterested in politics
 At his death, he divided 3 chunks to his sons to inherit

Front 26

Treaty of Verdun (843)

Back 26

 Official paperwork that split the Roman Empire into 3 chunks

Front 27

Lothair – Holy Roman Empire

Back 27

 Given the central slice of the empire
 Crowned Holy Roman Emperor

Front 28

Feudal System – definition

Back 28

 With the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, it’s a replacement to a strong central government

Front 29

Lord – vassal

Back 29

 “Lord” refers to somebody who gives control of property
 “Vassals” are those who receive the property

Front 30

Subinfeudation

Back 30

 The passing down of responsibility, control, etc. to the vassals

Front 31

Manor

Back 31

 A farm

Front 32

Serf

Back 32

 A feudal farmer/commoner

Front 33

“Feudal stool”

Back 33

 Feudalism replaces the government
 Tells the people their role in the social / political ladder

Front 34

Tracle revival – Italian cities

Back 34

 Cities in Italty and trade towns

Front 35

Burg, Burgher, Charter

Back 35

 “Burghers” ran the trade cities/towns
 Often times were large traders
 “Charters” were a way to gain land from a king

Front 36

Trade guilds

Back 36

 Set up rules for trade
 Economic organizations of traders
 Traders had to join a guild to trade

Front 37

Craft guilds

Back 37

 Managed quality of goods
 Regulated prices
 Trained craftsman

Front 38

Apprentice

Back 38

 The starting point for a craftsman

Front 39

Journeyman

Back 39

 A day workman
 Begins to gain his craft

Front 40

Master – Masterpiece

Back 40

 Were prescribed products that the guild wanted them to make (a masterpiece)

Front 41

Universities: Trivium

Back 41

 Foundation of 1st degree
 Consisted of 3 courses

Front 42

Universities: Quadrivium

Back 42

 4 courses

Front 43

Scholasticism

Back 43

 The theme of the universities
 Looked at the past and acquired knowledge from there

Front 44

Peter Abelard (1079 – 1142) Sic et Non

Back 44

 A French scholastic philosopher who saw what people had to say in the past on certain subjects
 Known for his relationship with Heloise, where he was eventually castrated

Front 45

Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) Summa Theologica

Back 45

 An Italian philosopher and theologian and accessed the past views of God

Front 46

Troubaclour poetry

Back 46

 Popular piece of literature
 Dealt with Love as the primary message

Front 47

Chanson de geste

Back 47

heroic epic

Front 48

Romanesque Architecture

Back 48

 Architecture that reflected Rome

Front 49

Gothic Architecture

Back 49

Pointed arch
Stained glass
“Flying buttress”

Front 50

Danelaw

Back 50

 The collapse of feudalism
 Given to the Danish, used as part of England

Front 51

King Canute of Denmark (1016)

Back 51

 Took all the land

Front 52

Edward the Confessor

Back 52

 Died in 1066

Front 53

Witan

Back 53

 The council that selected the next kings

Front 54

Harold Godwinson

Back 54

 Chosen by the witan
 Was challenged and killed by William I in the Battle of Hastings
 The last of the crowned Anglo Saxon King of England

Front 55

Battle of Hastings (1066)

Back 55

 Battle between the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons, in which the Normans were victorious.

Front 56

Domesday Book (1086)

Back 56

 A census conducted by William I to see who owned land in order to tax them
 It was the law, and there was no appeal

Front 57

Henry II (1154-1189)

Back 57

 Got rid of tax farming
 Created the exchequer

Front 58

Exchequer, Pipe Rolls

Back 58

 “Exchequer” was in charge of management and collection of revenues
 Pipe rolls were the tax records collected

Front 59

Writ, Jury, “common law,” etc.

Back 59

 “Writ” was a legal order to do something. (Warrants, subpoenas, etc.)

Front 60

Constitutions of Clarendon

Back 60

 Legislative procedure by Henry II to legislate in areas where the Church was heavily predominant.

Front 61

Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury

Back 61

 Involved in a conflict with Henry II over the rights and privileges of the Church
 Threatened to be kicked out of the Church by the Pope at one point
 Assassinated by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral

Front 62

John I (1199-1216)

Back 62

 King of England that was not very well liked
 Forced to sign the Magna Carta by barons that turned against him

Front 63

Magna Carta (1215)

Back 63

 “The Great Charter”
 The most significant early influence on constitutional law today