Western Civ. Ch. 3

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Greek Dark Age

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1100-750 BC. Greece endured economic, political, and cultural stagnation that contrasted with the wealth and splendor of the Mycenaean states that had flourished during the Bronze Age.

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Greek Archaic Age

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750-479 BC. GREECE REBUILDS. Homer composes the Illiad and the Odyssey. City-states emerge, overseas colonization begins, Greeks adopt the alphabet from the Phoenicians. Hoplite armor and tactics develop; Spartans conquer Messenia. Tyrants rule many city-states. Coins are first minted in Lydia in Anatolia; science and philosophy start in Ionia. Solon reforms Athenian Constitution. Peisistratus and sons rule as tyrants in Athens; Sparta dominates the Peloponnese. Cleisthenes' democratic reforms unify Attica.

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Greek Classical Age

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479-336 BC. Greeks defeat the Persians finally. Delian league is formed; expansion of Athenian democracy and imperialism. Herodutus writes about the Persian War. Parthenon is built in Athens. Peloponnesian War; Thucydides writes his History. Sparta defeats Athens at Aegospotami and they win the Peloponnesian War. Trial and death of Socrates. Plato writes Dialogues and founds Academy.

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Hellenic Age

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336-140 BC. Alexander the Great of Macedon invades Greece, Persia, Egypt, and Parts of Asia, and takes control of them. Greece is a peace and no more war in the Peloponnesee.

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Polis

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Or Citystate. This was a selfgoverning community consisting of an urban center with a defensible hilltop, and the surrounding land farmed by citizens of this.

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Acroplois

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Urban Center with a defensible hilltop.

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Agora

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Served as a market and a place for informal discussions.

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Hoplites

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These were individual soldiers apart of the phalanx.It was a new type of fighting force for the Greeks. In the type of warfare each man relied on his man to the right, whose shield protected his own sword arm.

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Phalanx

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These were units of well-armed well-drilled infantry that entered the battlefield in massed ranks, four to eight deep. Group of citizen armies, who move together as one. The formation in which the Hoplites would be in.

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Tyrants

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Someone who seized power in a polis rather than acquiring it by heredity, election, or some legal process. They were typically aristocrats, but they found their political support among the hoplites and the poor who felt left out of the political life of the community.

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Helots

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Serfs. technically free, they were nevertheless bound to the land and forced to farm it for the Spartans who owned it. They paid half of their produce to their Spartan masters, who could and did kill them with impunity. Controlling them through terror became the Spartans preoccupation.

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Boule

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All four groups were represented in the council of 400 male citizens (100 from each class), which served as an advisory body for the general assembly of all male citizens.

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Oligarchy

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Spartans form of government, which meant government by a few.

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Democracy

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Athens form of government, which meant rule by the people. It is a form of political organization in which the people share equally in the government of their communities, devise their own political institutions, and select their own leaders.

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Aristocracy

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is a form of government in which a few elite citizens rule. In origin in Ancient Greece, it was conceived of as rule by the best qualified citizens, and contrasted with monarchy. In later times, this was usually seen as rule by a privileged group.

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Ochlocracy

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or mob rule is government by mob or a mass of people, or the intimidation of legitimate authorities.

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Theocracy

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is a form of government in which a deity or higher power is officially recognized as the civil Ruler and official policy is governed by officials regarded as divinely guided, or is pursuant to the doctrine of a particular religion or religious group. From the perspective of the government, "God himself is recognized as the head" of the state, hence this term, from the Greek "rule of God"

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Monarchy

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is a form of government in which sovereignty is actually or nominally embodied in a single individual.

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Anarchy

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This word comes from the ancient Greek,"not, without" + "ruler", meaning "absence of a leader", "without rulers". It also refers to a society without a publicly enforced government or violently enforced political authority.

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Plutocracy

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Government by the rich and wealthy.

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Athens

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It is the best known polis of Ancient Greece, made an incalculably rich contribution to the political, philosophical, artistic, and literary traditions of Western Civilization. The first democracy in the ancient world, they developed principles of government that remain alive today. Their innovative form of government and the flowering of its intellectual life stemmed directly from its response to tyranny and Persian aggression.

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Sparta

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Cut off from the rest of Greece by mountain ranges to the west and north, this place dominated the Peloponnese, the southernmost part of Greece. Until about 700 BC they lived much like other Greeks except that their hoplites, who called themselves "The Equals" achieved political power without the aid of tyrants.

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Delian League

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In the winter of 478 BC, Athens reorganized the alliance, creating this, named for the small island of Delos where the members of the league met. Athens contributed approximately 200 warships to continue attacks against the Persians, while the other members supplied either ships or funds to pay for them. This ultimately gathered a naval force of 300 ships. After the war, the Athenians were rapidly turning this into an Athenian Empire organized for their own benefit. This in time turned into the Peloponnesian War.

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Persian Wars

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490-479 BC. Persians invade Athens but are stopped with a Greek victory at Marathon. Next the Persians try to sneak into Greece near the pass at Thermopylae and Leonidas with his 300 spartans and 1200 allies die giving the city of Athens enough time to evacuate. Then the Greece make their fleet unstoppable in the narrow straights of Salamis and defeat the Persian fleet. Last but not least the make a stop of the Persians forever when they defeat them at the battle of Plataea.

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Triremes

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The warships that helped them win the Persian War. With three banks of oars manned by the poorest citizens of the polis, who were paid to row them, these transformed Athens into a naval powerhouse.

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Marathon

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Battle in 490 BC where the Athenians to save their city marched here, with the aid of troops of neighboring polis, they defeated the Persians. The surprising Greek victory demonstrated that a force of heavily armed hoplites could defeat a more numerous more lightly armored body of Persian infantry. Pride in this victory also unified Athenians by making it unpopular to advocate a treaty or an alliance with Persia, as many had done before the battle.

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Thermoplyae

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Under the leader of Sparta, the Greek allies planned to hold back the Persian land force in the North. Leonidas, the Spartan king, led the coalition. A Greek force under his command stopped the Persians at the pass of this until a traitor revealed an alternate path through the mountains that allowed the Persians to attack the Greeks from the rear. All 300 Spartans died as well as the 1200 allies.

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Salamis

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The battle of Thermopylae gave the Athenians time to evacuate their city and to station their fleet in the narrow straight of this battle, where the Athenian fleet defeated the Persian fleet in a single day. Xerxes returned to Persia, although he left a large army in central Greece.

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Peloponnesian War

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431-404 BC. war between Athens and Sparta broke out in the Peloponnese and in the end Athens lost to the Spartans. Also when Lysander destroyed the Athenian fleet the war was finally over.

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Herodutus

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He has been called the "Father of History", and was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative.The Histories—his masterpiece and the only work he is known to have produced—is a record of his "inquiry" a word that passed into Latin and acquired its modern meaning of "history", being an investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information. Although some of his stories were fanciful, he claimed he was reporting only what had been told to him. Little is known of his personal history.

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Thucydides

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was a Greek historian and Athenian general. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC. He has been dubbed the father of "scientific history", because of his strict standards of evidence-gathering and analysis in terms of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods, as outlined in his introduction to his work.

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Socrates

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was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Many would claim that Plato's dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of his to survive from antiquity.

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Plato

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was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science.

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The Academy

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Plato established this place in Athens for teaching and discussion, and earned a towering reputation among Greek philosophers.

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The Republic

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Plato described how people might construct an ideal community based on the principles he had established. In this ideal state, educated men and women called the Guardians would lead the Polis because they alone were capable of comprehending the Forms. They would supervise the brave Auxiliaries who defended the city. At the bottom of society were the workers who produced the basic requirement of life, but were the least capable of abstract thought

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Aristotle

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was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.

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The Lyceum

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Aristotle founded his own school in Athens, called this.

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Aegean Sea

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The sea in which Greece laid in between.