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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Gustavus Adolphus
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-Protestant king of sweden
-the warrior king |
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Defenstration of Prague
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-the bohemians threw agents out the window, started a huge war
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What dominated the 17th century and what were its causes?
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-30 years war
-ignoration of calvanism -Luthern princes took land - Hapsburgs ambitions |
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Government in France
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-Catholocism
-Absolute Monarchy |
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Treaty of Augusburg? What did it ignore?
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-ended the war of religion and gave german princes the right to choose religion
- ignored calvanism and the peoples choice of religion |
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What family did the french rulers belong to?
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-Bourbon
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Philip II inherited what areas? what effect did this have on spain? England? What was the condition of spains economy when he died?
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- The Netherlands
- England grew in size - Spain was devastated and was bankrupt when the king died |
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What happend in 1588?
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- Phillip II struck at spain with full force with his navy, but failed against englands ships.
- Both Elizabeth and Phillip die in the battles |
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Dominant European country in the 16th century?
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- England because of land gains and military prowess. England gained the netherlands and spain for a time
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England became a world power under what ruler in the second half of the 16th century?
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- Elizabeth
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Who fought against the holy roman empire in the thirty years war?
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-the hapsburg catholics
- german princes, french protestant, sweden |
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why wasnt charles V able to unify France, Germany, and Spain?
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-Princes were fighting each other, war with france and the ottoman empire
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What country replaced spain as the dominant European country in the 17th century?
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- France
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Why were the Austrian hapsburgs strong?
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- the lands they held in Austria, Bohemia, and hungary
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Political trend of the 16th century
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- Rise of powerful central governments
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What family did the french rulers belong to?
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-Bourbon
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Philip II inherited what areas? what effect did this have on spain? England? What was the condition of spains economy when he died?
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- The Netherlands
- England grew in size - Spain was devastated and was bankrupt when the king died |
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What happend in 1588?
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- Phillip II struck at spain with full force with his navy, but failed against englands ships.
- Both Elizabeth and Phillip die in the battles |
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Dominant European country in the 16th century?
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- England because of land gains and military prowess. England gained the netherlands and spain for a time
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England became a world power under what ruler in the second half of the 16th century?
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- Elizabeth
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Who fought against the holy roman empire in the thirty years war?
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-the hapsburg catholics
- german princes, french protestants, sweden |
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why wasnt charles V able to unify France, Germany, and Spain?
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-Princes were fighting each other, war with france and the ottoman empire
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What country replaced spain as the dominant European country in the 17th century?
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- France
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Why were the Austrian hapsburgs strong?
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- the lands they held in Austria, Bohemia, and hungary
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Political trend of the 16th century
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- Rise of powerful central governments and unification of countries
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What was the renaissance?
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- revival of classical art and culture within the society
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Major characteristics of Renaissance
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- individualism and seculism
-a drawing back to the the classical arts, creativity, and astract thinking |
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Major religious development of 16th century
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- Protestant reformation in 1517
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what forms did expansion take in the 16th century?
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- geographic discoveries
- expansion into new world and asia - europe has agricultural expansion - rise in prices - expansion in trade by commerical capitalism |
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what was happening in the holy roman empire at this time?
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- no unification
- independent states ruled by princes vying for land and power |
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First tudor king
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Henry the VII
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How did they expand Henrys power?
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- brought commoners in government so nobles had less influence
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War of the roses
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- Civil War in england; Henry the VII's house of Burgesses and John of Gaunts house of Lancaster fought over the love of their
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civil
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Spains source of wealth
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- Central and South American amerindians. Notable spanish conquistadors ransacked the aztecan civilizations and took gold and silver from them. also enslaved them and brought about disease
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Hidalgos
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- Members of lesser nobles that tried to suppress the higher noble classes
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What methods did kings use to expand power?
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- Limited power of the nobles
- tax middle class - new finance and adminstration - church under king |
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What rulers united spain?
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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What treaty ended the 30 yrs war? Terms?
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- the treaty of West Phalia
- Calvanism recognized independence of swiss and netherlands recognized, germans independent of holy roman empire |
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What affect did the thirty years war have on Germany?
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- lost 40% population
- increasingly decentralized - politically and physically devastated |
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Was the thirty years war a religious war?
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no, catholics fought on the protestants side
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what factors encouraged investment in the 15th and 16th centuries?
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-rising prices
-investing trends -widening gap between the rich and the poor |
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free enterpirse aka?
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captilism
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what system replaced medieval guilds? Results? Did peasants have control over this?
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- the peasant system
-it was very productive - yes, there was a ladder system |
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yeomans
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- farmers that were commoners who produced large amounts of goods
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what was meant by enclosure?
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enclosing common areas and permitting leaves from the area
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In a capitalist economy prices rise and fall in resonse to what?
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Supply and demand
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why did spain fail to develop commercially? Was it because spain was poor?
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- overspending on wars
- value system looked down on businesses - overpowering government - spain was wealthy |
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How did enclosure, the price revolution, and the change to leasehold in landholding affect peasent?
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- peasents leave the land or farm for the farmers
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Inflation in the 16th century was called? What was the cause?
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- the price revolution
- the population |
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What effect did europeans have on natives?
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- most died of european diseases
- others were overworked |
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What were encomiendas?
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- royal grants over natives
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what were estancias?
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- grants of land
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what did cortes do? Why was this significant?
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- conquered the aztecs
- brought alot of money to spain, silver, and gold |
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What was portugals most important trade item?
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- sugar cane
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What is absolutism? What country was a major example of this?
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- no restrictions on the power of the ruler
- absolute power of the king - France |
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What is Constitutionalism? Who advocated this most?
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- Laws that restrict the power of the king having a government with rules that govern it
- England |
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Who was Louis XIII's chief minister and great builder of absolutism? What was his phrase to justify his actions?
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- Cardinal Richelieu
- Riason D'estat, meaning anything that government does is justified |
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How did Richelieu build French absolutism? (3)
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- Crush nobility by destroying castles and breaking up armies
- broke the dukes roles with the king so they had less importance - does away with fortified cities of the huegonots |
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Who were the intendents?
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- Royal agents that looked over one of the many districts of france
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What guided Richelieu's foreign policy?
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- Reason of state to guide his forign policy
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Who was Richeliu's successor?
Did he change policies? What was the Fronde? |
- Cardinal Mazarin
- no he didnt he tried to carry on his predecessors - a rebellion which was centered in paris by the nobles, townspeople, and judges of the courts to take back their power |
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Who was Louis XIV chief minister after the death of Mazarin? What was Louis's conception of his role as king?
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- He was his own
- he thought of himself as "gods messenger on earth " i am the state" |
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What was Versailles? how did it increase royal power?
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- Area outside of paris that became a symbol of his glory, he brang the nobles their to look after them and bring down their power
- this palace like facility took away the nobles power because it costed them money to live in a place of such grand magnitude |
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Who was Louis minister of finance? What was his policy called? Was france prosperous?
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- Colbert
- mercantilism |
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What is absolutism? What country was a major example of this?
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- no restrictions on the power of the ruler
- absolute power of the king - France |
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What is Constitutionalism? Who advocated this most?
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- Laws that restrict the power of the king having a government with rules that govern it
- England |
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Who was Louis XIII's chief minister and great builder of absolutism? What was his phrase to justify his actions?
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- Cardinal Richelieu
- Riason D'estat, meaning anything that government does is justified |
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How did Richelieu build French absolutism? (3)
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- Crush nobility by destroying castles and breaking up armies
- broke the dukes roles with the king so they had less importance - does away with fortified cities of the huegonots |
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Who were the intendents?
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- Royal agents that looked over one of the many districts of france
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What guided Richelieu's foreign policy?
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- Reason of state to guide his forign policy
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Who was Richeliu's successor?
Did he change policies? What was the Fronde? |
- Cardinal Mazarin
- no he didnt he tried to carry on his predecessors - a rebellion which was centered in paris by the nobles, townspeople, and judges of the courts to take back their power |
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Who was Louis XIV chief minister after the death of Mazarin? What was Louis's conception of his role as king?
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- He was his own
- he thought of himself as "gods messenger on earth " i am the state" |
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What was Versailles? how did it increase royal power?
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- Area outside of paris that became a symbol of his glory, he brang the nobles their to look after them and bring down their power
- this palace like facility took away the nobles power because it costed them money to live in a place of such grand magnitude |
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Who was Louis minister of finance? What was his policy called? Was france prosperous?
Was there enough money to pay for Louis wars? |
- Colbert
- mercantilism - yes, but this prinicple still did not bring enough money - no there was just too many wars going on |
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What did the statement of Gallican liberties do?
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- Louis XIV issued this to bring the church under his power
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Jansenists? what happend to them?
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- a pious group within the church the imposed simple living; Louis had them outlawed
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What did Louis XIV do about the Jansenists?
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- revoked the edict of not
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Who was Louvois? What did he do?
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- He was war minister to france and he built up the military to 300,000 men and also exausted french resources because of all the wars
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Did Louis XIV aim for territorial expansion? By the end of his reign had he increased his territory?
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- none whatsoever
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What was the result of Louis' wars?
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- the treasury was completly drained
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Why couldnt the bureaucracy and tax system be reformed?
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- nobility and church's special privalages were entrenched, did not want to give up specialty of no taxation
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Baroque? example?
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- a form of art in the 17th cenutry emphasing naturality and realistic paintings
- rubens |
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what did peace depend on in early modern times?
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- it depended on an alliance between the states and a balance of power
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when peter gained power over aristocracy, what did he give to the nobles?
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- power over surfs
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window of the west ruler?
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- peter the great, window on the west is his capital city access to western oceans
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Great elector? what did he do?
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- fredrick william
- built up the army, allowed religious tollerance, encouraged industry and trade, welcomed all protestants |
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the prussians let the elector collect taxes for what?
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- power of peasants
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where did prussian state revenue go?
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- to the armies and wars
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time of troubles
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- after the death of ivan the terrible, a time of forign invasion and constant civil war began
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Prussian nobles
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- called "junkers"
- gave complete power over the surfs |
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Michael Romanov
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- ends the time of troubles
- he takes the throne and his family rules for about 300 years |
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what area did the austrian hapsburgs control?
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- austria, bohemia, hungary
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Treaty of Karlowitz
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- ended conflict with the ottoman turks
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Claim of austrian hapsburgs and french king to the spanish throne led to what war? result?
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- the war of spanish succession
- the french won |
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Rule in prussia? what did prussia eventually do?
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- Hohenzollerns
- eventually unified germany |
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Rembrandt and vermeer portrayed what?
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- the life of middle class in the republic
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violation of natural rights, govt overthrown
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- John Locke
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Leading commerical nation
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- netherlands
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the glorious revolution and the bill of rights established what principle? did the glorious revolution end the stuart dynasty?
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- due process and common law
- no the stuart dynasty lived on |
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What did the tories do against james II?
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- most agreed there needed to be a change
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why did tories and whigs feel threatened by james II?
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- because he was catholic and an absolutists
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what was the name of this bloodless revolution?
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- the glorius revolution
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what form of government did it hare? who determined the nature of political life there?
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- republic, ruled by staff holders and an assembly for each state
- commited leaders and land owners |
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Tories
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- supporters of the king
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Whigs
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- favored to allowing protestants and limiting the power of the king
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arousal opposition to charles II
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- he cracked down on protestants, which drove fear into them thinking he was coming back to catholocism
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what system of government developed in parliment?
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- the cabinet system
- prime minister led |
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Nasty brutish and short lives? absolute government?
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- Thomas Hobbs
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Why were two stuart kings removed in the 17th cenutury?
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- they tried to rule without parliment and did not listen to parliment
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Who led the parlimentary army? what was it called? what did they do with the king?
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- oliver cromwell
- the new model army - tried for treason and executed |
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after cromwells death
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- charles stuart was named king, the restoration period began
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william laud? policies led to?
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- archbishop of the church
- policies against protestants |
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who became king of england when elizabeth died?
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- James of scotland, elizabeths cousin
- did not have a large army or an independent income |
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levelers
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- supporters of the parlimentary causes, wanted redistribution of land, voting for men, an exact way of doing things
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what were supporters of parliment called? supporters of the king?
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- roundheads due to their commoner haircuts
- cavaliers, due to their noble status |
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what did puritans want?
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- (also called Calvinist), more control of their destines
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did cromwell believe in religious toleration for no-puritans?
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- no he was intolerant
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what happend when parliament considered going further?
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- parliament was broken down
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long parliment
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- took action againsts kings cheif minister and archbishop laud, tried and executed
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cromwells title
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- the protector
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petition of right? what did charles do in response?
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- a statement of basic english rights
- dismissed the petition of right and ruled alone |
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military dictatorship of oliver cromwell? what was it called?
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- the protectorant
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Parliment did what when charles asked for more money in taxing?
what was charles response? |
- no, unless agreed to basic rights signature
- refused and dissolved the parliment |
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shift of power in england by 1600
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- the nobles lost their army
- the gentry class gains power - the gentry class gained pwer from trade and investment |
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james and charles trying to raise money without common law. why did parliment critize james I?
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- they tried to resist royal power by saying he was going against english common law
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