Western Civ 1- Exam 3- Chapters 9-12

Front 1

seasonal work for peasants

Back 1

Spring- plow lands and prepare for planting
Summer- tend to lands/garden
fall- slaughter and harvest

Front 2

Peasant Holidays

Back 2

Christmas, Easter, Pentecost, marriages, baptisms were all celebrated with large feasts

Front 3

Women's roles

Back 3

carry and bear children, spin and weave clothes, tend gardens, provide meals, work in fields

Front 4

Aristocrat's and war, church's stance on war

Back 4

Church willing to justify violence against peace-breakers and for the cause of Christianity
knighthood and nobility

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Aristocratic Women

Back 5

Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204)- bore children and active role in politics, helped rebel
Blanche of Castile (1188-1252)-ruled France, repelled attempts and catching her son, defeated Henry III "she ruled as a man"

Front 6

Marriage patterns for nobility

Back 6

establish alliances with other families, bring wealth, provide heirs
wide age discrepancy
no divorce

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Knight

Back 7

mounted warriors who fought in return for weapons and heeds

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Chivalry

Back 8

ideal of civilized behaviors

Front 9

Melee

Back 9

tournaments on horseback and fought with blunted weaponry in a free for all combat

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jousting

Back 10

individual combat between two knights

Front 11

Trade

Back 11

increased trade caused money economy to emerge

Front 12

Commercial capitalism

Back 12

economic system in which people invested in trade and goods to profit

Front 13

guilds

Back 13

groups of similar minded craftsmen, almost like a union

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apprentice

Back 14

one who wants to learn a trade
works under a master craftsman
start around age of ten
not paid, but received room and board
5-7 years of service

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journeyman

Back 15

Worked for wages for other craftsmen
Create a masterpiece to become a master craftsmen

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master craftsman

Back 16

guild members, trained apprentices

Front 17

Bologna

Back 17

First European university, coincided with revival of interest in Roman law
promised freedom for students

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Paris

Back 18

First recognized university
Notre-Dame

Front 19

lecture

Back 19

latin for "to read"
masters read from texts and provided commentaries

Front 20

How do you distinguish Nocardia from Actinomyces?

Back 20

Modified acid fast stain
*Nocardia has mycolic acid

Aerobic & anaerobic culture
*Nocardia do NOT grow anaerobically
*Actinomyces will (FA)

Front 21

Aquinas

Back 21

1225-1274
Studied theology at Cologne and Paris
"A Summa of Theology"
dialectical method of scholasticism- pose a question, source opposing views, and conclude with making own decisions

Front 22

Abelard

Back 22

1079-1142
taught theology in Paris
furthered scholastic methods
"sic et Non (yes or no)"

Front 23

Flying Buttress

Back 23

heavy arched pier of stone built on the outside of walls and distributed weight of vaulted ceilings

Front 24

Romanesque

Back 24

"A white mantle of churches"
Made of stone vaults and pillars, dark inside

Front 25

Gothic architecture

Back 25

Ribbed vaults and pointed arches
stained glass
flying buttresses

Front 26

William the Conqueror

Back 26

1066-1087
treated all of England as a royal possession
Domesday Book
created a strong, centralized monarchy

Front 27

Plantegenet Kings

Back 27

created under Henry II

Front 28

King John I

Back 28

1199-1216, Henry's son
forced to assent to the Magna Carta

Front 29

Magna Carta

Back 29

"great charter"
feudal document
aimed at limiting government practices that affect relations between king and his vassals and between the king and the church

Front 30

Edward I

Back 30

1272-1307
began uniting all British Isles into a single kingdom
reestablished monarchial rights
Parliament began to be defined

Front 31

Capetian Dynasty

Back 31

had little real power
French

Front 32

Phillip II

Back 32

1180-1223
quadrupled income of French monarchy
inaugurated French royal bureaucracy

Front 33

Louis IX

Back 33

1226-1270
religious, seen as a saint
attempted to bring justice and ensure individual's rights

Front 34

Phillip IV

Back 34

1285-1314
strengthened French monarchy
established efficient royal bureaucracy
French parliament (estates-general)

Front 35

Reconquista

Back 35

a sacred mission
reconquest of Muslim lands by Christian rulers and their armies

Front 36

El Cid

Back 36

Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar
famous military adventurer
fought both Christians and Muslims
made own Kingdom: Valencia (1094), retaken over by Muslims at his death

Front 37

Las Navas de Tolosa

Back 37

crucial battle place in 1212
Alfonso IV crushed Muslim forces with his army of 60000
led to Christian victories over the next 40 years

Front 38

Mongol Empire

Back 38

pastoral people
Mongolia
formed clans and tribes
moved westward against Islams
conquered Baghdad and destroyed Abbasid
conquered Russia and worked their way into w. europe

Front 39

Genghis Khan

Back 39

"universal ruler"
1162-1227
originally Temuchin
created a powerful military force and devoted himself to fighting

Front 40

Khubilai Khan

Back 40

Genghis Khan's grandson
completed conquest of China and established Yuan Dynasty
moved China's capital to Khanbaliq, which became Beijing

Front 41

Pope Gregory VII

Back 41

elected pope in 1073, believed he was chosen by God to bring reforms
wanted to restore church freedom by eliminating lay investiture

Front 42

King Henry IV

Back 42

1056-1106, King of Germany
had appointed high-ranking clerics as vassals to have them as admins, which was challenged by Pope Gregory VII

Front 43

Investiture Controversy

Back 43

immediate cause was a disputed election to the bishopric in Milan
Pope Gregory VII excommunicated King Henry IV, and was later granted absolution
ended by Concordat of Worms in 1122 created by a new king and pope

Front 44

excommunication

Back 44

censure by which a person is deprived of receiving the sacraments of the church

Front 45

"papal curia"

Back 45

administrative staff of the Catholic Church
composed of cardinals who assist the pope and elect new popes

Front 46

church hierarchy

Back 46

Pope and Cardinals
Archbishops (control Archdiocese)
Bishop (control diocese)
Priest (control parish)

Front 47

interdict

Back 47

a censure by which a region or country is deprived of sacraments in the Catholic church

Front 48

indulgences

Back 48

remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin, granted for charitable contributions and other good deeds

Front 49

purgatory

Back 49

defined by the Catholic church as a place where souls went after death to be purged of punishment for sins committed in life

Front 50

Selijuk Turks

Back 50

group of people that posed a threat to the Fatimids
nomads from Central Asia who converted to Islam
Military mercenaries for Abbasid caliphate
Took over E provinces of Abbasid caliphate
Exert military pressure on Egypt and Byzantines

Front 51

First Crusade

Back 51

1096
French warriors made their way into the east, captured Antioch, and made their way down the Palestinian coast. The French reached Jerusalem in 1099. The warriors placed themselves into four crusader states: Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem. The crusader states had to operate surrounded by Muslim territories and grew to become dependent on the Italians.

Front 52

Second Crusade

Back 52

ended up failing, and Muslim forces recaptured the state of Edessa

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Third Crusade

Back 53

fought in reaction to the Muslim’s taking of Jerusalem in 1187
led by 3 major monarchs: Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Richard I, and Philip II Augustus. The attempts failed as well, with the death of Barbarossa and the secession of Philip II.
King Richard was able to negotiate a settlement for Christians to have free access to Jerusalem.

Front 54

Fourth Crusade

Back 54

initiated by Pope Innocent, crusaders took over Constantinople to create a new, Latin, Constantinople in 1204.

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Fifth Crusade

Back 55

1219
tried to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims in Egypt. The Crusade failed, and the leadership structure of the Crusades was reevaluated and papal authority over the Crusades was removed.

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Sixth Crusade

Back 56

which had no papal support, was led by Frederick II, the German emperor. Frederick took the throne in Jerusalem without a fight. Jerusalem fell apart when Frederick left.

Front 57

Seventh and Eighth Crusades

Back 57

poorly organized and complete failures

Front 58

Battle of Manzikurt

Back 58

battle leading up to the Crusades
1071
Turks defeated Byzantine forces

Front 59

massacre of Jews

Back 59

became a side effect of the Crusades

Front 60

The plague (black death)

Back 60

mid-fourteenth century
most devastating natural disaster in European history

Front 61

Genoese Merchants

Back 61

brought the plague from Caffa to Sicily in October 1347

Front 62

reactions to the plague

Back 62

people began living for the moment
people viewed the plague as a punishment from God

Front 63

flagellants

Back 63

1348 German "revolt"
wanted to cleanse themselves of sin
began to attack Jews and clergy

Front 64

pogroms

Back 64

organized massacres against minorities in Germany

Front 65

Great Schism

Back 65

crisis in the late medieval church when there were first two and then three popes, ended by the Council of Constance
lasted for nearly 40 years
caused Europe to divide loyalties

Front 66

Avignon papacy

Back 66

1305-1377
papal prestige declined because pope no longer resided in Rome, seemed too close to the French monarchy

Front 67

"unam Sanctum"

Back 67

most important papal letter written by Boniface VIII
1302
strongest statement ever made by a pope on the supremacy of spiritual authority over the temporal authority

Front 68

Venice

Back 68

major northern Italian state
grew from commercial activity
source of political power was in the great Council

Front 69

Florence

Back 69

initially a free commune dominated by patricians known as the grandi

Front 70

Milan

Back 70

located in the fertile Po valley
one of the richest city-states
Visconti family

Front 71

Golden bull

Back 71

document issued by Emperor Charles IV in 1365 that stated that four lay princes and three ecclesiastical rulers would serve as electors with legal power to elect the king

Front 72

Joan of Arc

Back 72

experienced visions and came to believe that her favorite saints had commanded her to free France and have the dauphin King.
brought 100 years war to a turning point
killed at the charges of witchcraft

Front 73

Battle of Crecy

Back 73

1346
massive French defeat

Front 74

Battle of Poitiers

Back 74

1346
ended the first phase of the 100 years' war
Black Prince forced to battle, English win and capture French King

Front 75

Battle of Agincourt

Back 75

1415
French defeat (6000 losses to the English 300)
Henry V invaded France while France was in distress and civil war

Front 76

English Longbow

Back 76

had more speed of fire than the crossbow
important in the Battle of Crecy