Welding Chapter 2

Front 1

First degree burn

Back 1

-occur when the surface of the skin is reddish in color, tender, and painful and do not involve any broken skin.

Front 2

First step in treating 1st degree burns

Back 2

-is to immediately put the burned area under cold water(not iced) or apply cold water compresses until the pain decreases.

Front 3

Second degree burns

Back 3

- occur when the surface of the skin is severely damaged, resulting in the formation of blisters and possible breaks in the skin.

- Do not put any ointments on area.

Front 4

Treatments for second degree burn

Back 4

- put burned area under cold water or compresses

-bandage area to help prevent infection

-seek medical attention

-Do put any ointments on area

-NOTE in an emergency any cold drink like, soda, milkshake, cold tea, can be poured. The purpose is to lower the skin temperature as quickly as possible to reduce tissue damage.

Front 5

Third degree burns

Back 5

-occur when the surface of the skin and possibly the tissue below the skin appear white or charred.

-It is when the epidermis, dermis, and the subcutaneous layers of tissue are destroyed.

Front 6

Treatment for 3rd degree burns

Back 6

-May be little pain present because nerve endings have been destroyed.

-Do not remove clothes that is stuck to the burn

-Do not put ice water or ice on the burn; this could intensify the shock reaction

-Do not apply any ointments

Place a cold cloth or cool( not iced) water on burns of the face, hands, or feet to cool the burned areas.

Front 7

Ultra violet light waves

Back 7

-are the most dangerous type of light waves

-they can cause 1st and 2nd degree burns to a welder's eyes or to any exposed skin.

-a welder cannot see or feel this type of light while being exposed to it.

- this light can be so intense that is can cause flash burn.

Front 8

Flash burn

Back 8

-Welder's eyes can receive this burn within seconds and the skin can be burned within minutes.

Front 9

Infrared light

Back 9

-is the light wave that is felt as heat

-although this light can cause burns, a person will immediately feel this type of light. Therefore, burns can easily be avoided.

Front 10

Visible Light

Back 10

-is the light that we see.

-it is produced in varying quantities and colors during welding.

-Too much of this light can cause temporary night blindness and too little may cause eyestrain, but this light is not hazardous.

Front 11

Some materials that can cause respiratory problems

Back 11

-paints, coating, or plating on metals to prevent rust or corrosion.

-materials that might be used as alloys

Front 12

welding and cutting surfaces that have been painted with lead based paint can generate?

Back 12

Oxide fumes

Front 13

Oxide Fumes

Back 13

-inhalation and ingestion of these fumes and other lead compounds will cause lead poisoning.

Front 14

Lead poisoning symptoms

Back 14

-metallic taste,

-loss of appetite

-nausea

-abdominal cramp

-and insomnia

Front 15

Both cadmium and zinc

Back 15

- are plating materials used to prevent iron or steel from rusting

Front 16

Cadmium

Back 16

-is often used on hardware items like bolts, nuts, hinges

-it gives the surface a yellowish-gold appearance

-over time it can cause emphysema and damage the kidneys

Front 17

Emphysema

Back 17

-a disease affecting the lung's ability to absorb oxygen

Front 18

Zinc

Back 18

-often in the form of galvanizing, can be found in pipes, sheet metal, bolts, nuts and others

-if it is thin plating it can appear as a shiny, metallic patchwork or crystal pattern.

-It is used in large quantities in brass and is found in brazing rods

Front 19

Zinc oxide fume exposure

Back 19

- can cause metal fume fever, its resemble the flu.

Front 20

Ozone

Back 20

-is a gas that is produce by the ultraviolet radiation in the air in the vicinity of arc welding and cutting operations.

Front 21

Ozone symptoms

Back 21

-it is very irritating to all mucous membranes.

-excessive exposure can produce pulmonary edema

-headache, chest pain, and dryness in the respiratory tract.

Front 22

Phosgene

Back 22

-is formed when ultraviolet radiation decomposes chlorinated hydrocarbon.

- these fumes can come from solvents such as those used for degreasing metals and from refrigerants from air conditioning systems.

- can produce chlorine aid compound.

Front 23

Chlorine acid compound

Back 23

-this compound reacts with the moisture in the lungs to produce hydrogen chloride which destroys lung tissue.

Front 24

Concentrated fumes or gases

Back 24

- can cause a fire or explosion if they are flammable

-asphyxiation if they replace the oxygen in the air

-or death if they are toxic

Front 25

Natural ventilation

Back 25

- areas that have 10,000 cubic feet or more per welder, or that have ceilings 16 feet high or higher

- these areas may not require forced ventilation

Front 26

Forced ventilation

Back 26

-can be general or localized using fixed or flexible exhaust pickups

Front 27

Exhaust pickups

Back 27

-General ventilation must be at a rate of 2000 cu ft or more per welder

-Localized ventilation must have a draft strong enough to provide 100 linear feet per min air velocity pulling welding fumes away from welder.

Front 28

Material safety data sheets

Back 28

- all manufacturers of potentially hazardous materials must provide to the users of their products detailed information regarding possible hazards resulting from the use of their products

Front 29

Clothing while welding

Back 29

-material should be dark color, thick, and tightly woven to stop ultraviolet light from passing

-Best choice is 100% cotton.

Front 30

Storing Cylinders

Back 30

- oxygen and fuels gas cylinders or other flammable materials must be stored separately.

- the storage areas must be separated by 20ft or by a wall 5 ft high with at least 1/2 hour burn rate.

Front 31

Valve protection cap

Back 31

- cylinder must have the cap in place unless the cylinder is in use.

- this cap prevents the valve from being broken off if the cylinder is knocked over

Front 32

General precautions

Back 32

- use warm water( not boiling) to loosen cylinders that are frozen to the ground.

- if cylinder leakage cannot be stopped by closing cylinder valve, the cylinder should be moved to a vacant lot or an open area, then the pressure should be slowly released.

Front 33

Acetylene cylinders

Back 33

- If they have been lying on their sides must stand upright for four hours or more before they are used.

- the acetone in the acetylene must have time to settle

- acetone lowers the flame temperature and can damage regulator or torch valve settings.

Front 34

Hot work

Back 34

- welding is considered to be this type of work by the National Association of Fire Prevention

-when performing welding outside of a shop, the welder may be required to obtain a work permit from the local fire marshal.

Front 35

The four types of fire extinguishers

Back 35

- type A

-type B

-type C

-type D

- Each type is designed to put out fires on certain types of materials. Some can be used for more than one material.

Front 36

Type A extinguishers

Back 36

- are used for combustible solids ( articles that burn) such as paper, wood, and cloth.

- the symbol for this extinguisher is a green triangle

Front 37

Type B extinguishers

Back 37

-are used for combustible liquids, such as oil, gas, and paint thinner.

-the symbol for this extinguisher is a red square

Front 38

Type C extinguishers

Back 38

-are used for electrical fires

-For example, motors, fuse boxes, and welding machines.

- the symbol for this extinguisher is a blue circle

Front 39

Type D extinguishers

Back 39

- are used on fires involving combustible metals, such as zinc, magnesium, and titanium.

-the symbol for this extinguisher is a yellow star

Front 40

Equipement Maintenance

Back 40

- a routine schedule for planned maintenance(PM) of equipment will aid in detecting potential problems such as leaking coolant, loose wires, poor grounds, frayed insulation, or split hoses.

Front 41

Hoses

Back 41

- must be used only for the gas or liquid for which they were designed.

- unnecessarily long hoses should be avoided

Front 42

Green hoses

Back 42

-are to be used only for oxygen

Front 43

Red hoses

Back 43

-are to be used only for acetylene or other fuel gases.

Front 44

Work area

Back 44

- If a piece of hot metal is going to be left unattended , write the word hot on it before leaving

- this can also be done for hot bricks, tables, vises, and tools

Front 45

Box end wrench or socket wrench

Back 45

- the fewer points these wrenches have the stronger it is and the less likely it is to slip or damage the nut or bolt.

Front 46

Electrical shock

Back 46

-can cause injuries and even death unless proper precautions are taken.

- Most welding and cutting operations involve electrical equipment

-Most electrical equipment in a welding shop is powered by alternating current(AC) sources having input voltages ranging from 115 volts to 460 volts.

Front 47

Electrical resistance

Back 47

-is lowered in the presence of water or moisture, so welders must take special precautions when working under damp or wet conditions, including perspiration.

Front 48

Electrical ground

Back 48

- the workpiece being welded and the frame or chassis of all electrically powered machines must be connected to a good electrical ground.

Front 49

Electrical cables

Back 49

- must be used within their current carrying and duty cycle capacities; otherwise they will overheat and break down the insulation rapidly.

Front 50

Welding cables caution

Back 50

- they must never be spiced within 10 ft. of the electrode holder.

Front 51

External grounding

Back 51

- a tool with this grounding has a wire that runs from the housing through the power cord to a third prong no the power plug.

- when this third prong is connected to a grounded, three-hole electrical outlet , the grounding wire will carry any current that leaks past the electrical insulation of the tool away from the user and into the ground.

Front 52

Grounding wire

Back 52

- the green ( or green and yellow) conductor in the tool cord is this wire.

- never connect this wire to a power terminal

Front 53

Grinding stones info.

Back 53

- if a ferrous stone is used to grind nonferrous metal, the stone will become glazed ( the surface clogs with metal) and may explode due to frictional heat building up on the surface

- if nonferrous stone is used to grind ferrous metal, the stone will be quickly worn away .

Front 54

Ferrous metals

Back 54

- meaning iron, cast iron, steel, and stainless steel, among others

Front 55

non ferrous metals

Back 55

- aluminum, copper, and brass

Front 56

Metal cutting machines

Back 56

- examples: shears, punches, cut-off machines, and band saws.

- their advantages over thermal cutting is little or no postdating cleanup, wide variety of metals can be cut, and the metal doesn't heat up