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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Afterimage
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A visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed.
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Amnesia
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A significant memory loss that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting. See also Anterograde amnesia, Retrograde amnesia.
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Anterograde amnesia
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Loss of memories for events that occur after a head injury.
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Attention
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Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.
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Chunk
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A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.
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Clustering
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The tendency to remember similar or related items in groups.
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Cognition
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The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.
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Conceptual hierarchy
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A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items.
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Connectionist models
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See parallel distributed processing (PDP) models.
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Consolidation
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A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory.
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Decay theory
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The idea that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time.
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Declarative memory system
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Memory for factual information.
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Dual-coding theory
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Paivio's theory that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall.
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Elaboration
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Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
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Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
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Sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate) it.
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Encoding
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Forming a memory code.
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Encoding specificity principle
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The idea that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code.
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Episodic memory system
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Chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences.
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Explicit memory
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Intentional recollection of previous experiences.
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Flashbulb memories
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Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events.
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Forgetting curve
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A graph showing retention and forgetting over time.
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Hindbrain
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The part of the brain that includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem: the medulla and the pons.
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Hindsight bias
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The tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.
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Implicit memory
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Type of memory apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering.
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Interference theory
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The idea that people forget information because of competition from other material.
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Introspection
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Careful, systematic observation of one's own conscious experience.
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Keyword method
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A mnemonic technique in which one associates a concrete word with an abstract word and generates an image to represent the concrete word.
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Levels-of-processing theory
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The theory holding that deeper levels of mental processing result in longer-lasting memory codes.
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Link method
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Forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.
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Long-term memory (LTM)
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An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
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Long-term potentiation (LTP)
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A long-lasting increase in neural excitability in synapses along a specific neural pathway.
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Method of loci
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A mnemonic device that involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations.
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Mnemonic devices
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Strategies for enhancing memory.
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Motivated forgetting
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Purposeful suppression of memories.
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Nondeclarative memory system
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Memory for actions, skills, and operations.
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Overlearning
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Continued rehearsal of material after one first appears to have mastered it.
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Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models
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Models of memory that assume cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks. Also called connectionist models.
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Parallel processing
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Simultaneously extracting different kinds of information from the same input.
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Proactive interference
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A memory problem that occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.
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Procedural memory system
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The repository of memories for actions, skills, and operations.
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Prospective memory
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The ability to remember to perform actions in the future.
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Reality monitoring
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The process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (our perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (our thoughts and imaginations).
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Recall
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A memory test that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues.
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Recognition
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A memory test that requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options.
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Relearning
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A memory test that requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before.
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Repression
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Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.
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Retention
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The proportion of material retained (remembered).
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Retrieval
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Recovering information from memory stores.
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Retroactive interference
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A memory problem that occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
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Retrograde amnesia
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Loss of memories for events that occurred prior to a head injury.
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Retrospective memory
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The ability to remember events from the past or previously learned information.
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Schema
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An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events.
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Script
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A type of schema that organizes what people know about common activities.
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Self-referent encoding
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Deciding how or whether information is personally relevant.
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Semantic memory system
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General knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned.
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Semantic network
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Concepts joined together by links that show how the concepts are related.
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Sensory memory
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The preservation of information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second.
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Serial-position effect
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In memory tests, the fact that subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than for items in the middle.
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Short-term memory (STM)
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A limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 to 30 seconds.
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Source monitoring
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The process of making attributions about the origins of memories.
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Source-monitoring error
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An error that occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source.
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Storage
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Maintaining encoded information in memory over time.
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Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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A temporary inability to remember something accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach.
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Transfer-appropriate processing
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The situation that occurs when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measures of attention.
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