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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

data center

is a facility housing computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications, storage, security systems, and backup power supplies.

A firm’s IT infrastructure

is composed of hardware, software, data management technology, networking technology, and technology services.

System software

manages the resources and activities of the computer.

Application software

applies the computer to a specific task for an end user, such as processing an order or generating a mailing list

Data management software

organizes, manages, and processes business data concerned with inventory, customers, and vendors

mainframe

is a large-capacity, high-performance computer that can process large amounts of data very rapidly. Airlines, for instance, use mainframes to process upwards of 3,000 reservation transactions per second.

supercomputer

is a specially designed and more sophisticated computer that is used for tasks requiring extremely rapid and complex calculations with thousands of variables, millions of measurements, and thousands of equations

Grid computing

involves connecting geographically remote computers into a single network to create a “virtual supercomputer” by combining the computational power of all computers on the grid.

distributed processing

The use of multiple computers linked by a communications network for processing

Centralized processing

in which all processing is accomplished by one large central computer, is much less common.

client

the user point of entry for the required function and is normally a desktop or laptop computer

server

  Servers store and process shared data and also perform functions such as managing printers, backup storage, and network activities such as security, remote access, and user authentication.  

* provides the client with services

* Servers store and process shared data and also perform functions such as managing printers, backup storage, and network activities such as security, remote access, and user authentication.

*

two-tiered client/server architecture

* consisting of a client computer networked to a server computer, with processing split between the two types of machines.

*

multitiered (often called N-tier)



  which the work of the entire network is balanced over several different levels of servers, depending on the kind of service being requested  
 

* most corporations have more complex

* which the work of the entire network is balanced over several different levels of servers, depending on the kind of service being requested
*

Web server

will serve a Web page to a client in response to a request for service. Web server software is responsible for locating and managing stored Web pages

Application server software

* handles all application operations between a user and an organization’s back-end business systems.

* The application server may reside on the same computer as the Web server or on its own dedicated computer.
* If the client requests access to a corporate system (a product list or price information, for instance), the request is passed along to an application server

Storage area networks (SANs)



connect multiple storage devices on a separate high-speed network dedicated to storage.


  The SAN creates a large central pool of storage that can be rapidly accessed and shared by multiple servers   

connect multiple storage devices on a separate high-speed network dedicated to storage.


* The SAN creates a large central pool of storage that can be rapidly accessed and shared by multiple servers

Nanotechnology

* uses individual atoms and molecules to create computer chips and other devices that are thousands of times smaller than current technologies permit.

* IBM and other research labs have created transistors from nanotubes and other electrical devices and have developed a manufacturing process for producing nanotube processors economically

Virtualization

is the process of presenting a set of computing resources (such as computing power or data storage) so that they can all be accessed in ways that are not restricted by physical configuration or geographic location.

Cloud computing

 These “clouds” of computing resources can be accessed on an as-needed basis from any connected device and location

* is a model of computing in which computer processing, storage, software, and other services are provided as a pool of virtualized resources over a network, primarily the Internet.
* These “clouds” of computing resources can be accessed on an as-needed basis from any connected device and location

cloud computing as having the following essential characteristics

* On-demand self-service: Consumers can obtain computing capabilities such as server time or network storage as needed automatically on their own.
* Ubiquitous network access: Cloud resources can be accessed using standard network and Internet devices, including mobile platforms.
* Location independent resource pooling: Computing resources are pooled to serve multiple users, with different virtual resources dynamically assigned according to user demand. The user generally does not know where the computing resources are located.
* Rapid elasticity: Computing resources can be rapidly provisioned, increased, or decreased to meet changing user demand.
* Measured service: Charges for cloud resources are based on amount of resources actually used.

Cloud computing consists of three different types of services

* Cloud infrastructure as a service: Customers use processing, storage, networking, and other computing resources from cloud service providers to run their information systems. For example, Amazon uses the spare capacity of its IT infrastructure to provide a broadly based cloud environment selling IT infrastructure services. These include its Simple Storage Service (S3) for storing customers’ data and its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) service for running their applications. Users pay only for the amount of computing and storage capacity they actually use. (See the chapter-endingcase study.)
* Cloud platform as a service: Customers use infrastructure and programming tools supported by the cloud service provider to develop their own applications. For example, IBM offers a Smart Business Application Development & Test service for software development and testing on the IBM Cloud. Another example is Salesforce.com’s Force.com, which allows developers to build applications that are hosted on its servers as a service.
* Cloud software as a service: Customers use software hosted by the vendor on the vendor’s cloud infrastructure and delivered over a network. Leading examples are Google Apps, which provides common business applications online andSalesforce.com, which also leases customer relationship management and related software services over the Internet. Both charge users an annual subscription fee, although Google Apps also has a pared-down free version. Users access these applications from a Web browser, and the data and software are maintained on the providers’ remote servers.

on-demand computing

purchase their computing services from remote providers and pay only for the amount of computing power they actually use (utility computing) or are billed on a monthly or annual subscription basis

Green computing or green IT

refers to practices and technologies for designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated devices such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems to minimize impact on the environment

Autonomic computing

* is an industry-wide effort to develop systems that can configure themselves, optimize and tune themselves, heal themselves when broken, and protect themselves from outside intruders and self-destruction.

* ex Virus protection software

software package

* is a prewritten, precoded, commercially available set of programs that eliminates the need for individuals or organizations to write their own software programs for certain functions

* ex spreadsheets with formulas
* There are software packages for system software, but most package software is application software
* Microsoft office

Java

* is an operating system-independent, processor-independent, object-oriented programming language that has become a leading interactive programming environment for the Web

* Java is used for building applications that run on the Web

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

* is a page description language for specifying how text, graphics, video, and sound are placed on a Web page and for creating dynamic links to other Web pages and objects.
* Using these links, a user need only point at a highlighted keyword or graphic, click on it, and immediately be transported to another document

* HTML is used for creating Web pages
*

HTML5

* However, these add-ons require additional programming and put strains on computer processing.
* This is one reason Apple dropped support for Flash on its mobile devices.
* The next evolution of HTML, called HTML5, solves this problem by making it possible to embed images, audio, video, and other elements directly into a document without processor-intensive add-ons. HTML5 will also make it easier for Web pages to function across different display devices, including mobile devices as well as desktops, and it will support the storage of data offline for apps that run over the Web.
* Web pages will execute more quickly, and look like smartphone apps.

Web services

They can exchange information between two different systems regardless of the operating systems or programming languages on which the systems are based

* refer to a set of loosely coupled software components that exchange information with each other using universal Web communication standards and languages.
* They can exchange information between two different systems regardless of the operating systems or programming languages on which the systems are based

*

The foundation technology for Web services is XML, which stands for Extensible Markup Language.

* HTML is limited to describing how data should be presented in the form of Web pages, XML can perform presentation, communication, and storage of data. In XML, a number is not simply a number; the XML tag specifies whether the number represents a price, a date, or a zip code.

*

service-oriented architecture (SOA)

The collection of Web services that are used to build a firm’s software systems constitutes what is known as a service-oriented architecture. A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is set of self-contained services that communicate with each other to create a working software application

Software as a Service (SaaS).

Today, you’re more likely to download the software from the vendor’s Web site, or to use the software as a cloud service delivered over the Internet. Services for delivering and providing access to software remotely as a Web-based service are now referred to as Software as a Service (SaaS).

mashups

* The resulting software applications are called mashups.

* ex facebook and myspace.
*

capacity planning

is the process of predicting when a computer hardware system becomes saturated.

Scalability

refers to the ability of a computer, product, or system to expand to serve a large number of users without breaking down.

The total cost of ownership (TCO)

model can be used to analyze these direct and indirect costs to help determine the actual cost of owning a specific technology.

Cost Components

* Hardware acquisitionPurchase price of computer hardware equipment, including computers, terminals, storage, and printers
* Software acquisitionPurchase or license of software for each user

* InstallationCost to install computers and software
* TrainingCost to provide training to information systems specialists and end users
* SupportCost to provide ongoing technical support, help desks, and so forth
* MaintenanceCost to upgrade the hardware and software
* InfrastructureCost to acquire, maintain, and support related infrastructure, such as networks and specialized equipment (including storage backup units)
* DowntimeLost productivity if hardware or software failures cause the system to be unavailable for processing and user tasks
* Space and energyReal estate and utility costs for housing and providing power for the technology

Web hosting service maintains a large Web server, or a series of servers, and provides fee-paying subscribers with space to maintain their Web sites. The subscribing companies may create their own Web pages or have the hosting service, or a Web design firm, create them.

maintains a large Web server, or a series of servers, and provides fee-paying subscribers with space to maintain their Web sites. The subscribing companies may create their own Web pages or have the hosting service, or a Web design firm, create them.



co-location

Some services offer co-location, in which the firm actually purchases and owns the server computer housing its Web site but locates the server in the physical facility of the hosting service.



service level agreement (SLA)

In order to manage their relationship with an outsourcer or technology service provider, firms will need a contract that includes a service level agreement (SLA). The SLA is a formal contract between customers and their service providers that defines the specific responsibilities of the service provider and the level of service expected by the custome

windows update

only update for OS
Microsoft update
Microsoft products and OS
simple network

a client computer and a dedicated server computer, network interfaces, a connection medium, network operating system software, and either a hub or a switch.