Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is comorbid psychopathology? |
"The occurrence of two or more forms of psychopathology in the same person" When an individual has more than one disorder e.g. having autism as well as anxiety and depression |
|
|
Non-ASD conditions can be mistaken for an ASD if someone presents with: |
• Aatypical communication. • Social difficulties. • Odd behaviours. Individuals with ASD have other symptoms that may or may not be related to their condition |
|
|
What is behaviour a result of? |
An interaction between one's genetic endowment and the environment |
|
|
What is a Global Developmental Delay (GDD)? |
• Significant delay (2 SDs) in two or more developmental domains. - Motor, speech & language, adaptive, social, cognition • < 5 years • A comorbid condition with ASD |
|
|
What is Intellectual Disability (ID)? |
• Deficits in Intellectual Functioning - IQ =< 70; WISC, Stanford Binet (SB5), DAS • Deficits in Adaptive Functioning - Communication, social, daily living skills • Onset during development (not an acquired brain injury) Mild: IQ 50-70; 85% of individuals w/ ID. Moderate: IQ 35-49; 10% of individuals w/ ID.Severe: IQ 20-34; 3-4% of individuals w/ ID.Profound: IQ < 20; 1-2% of individuals w/ ID. ASD overlap with ID is 20%-70% |
|
|
What are some common features between ASD, ID and GDD? |
• Cognitive delays. • Language impairments. • Difficulty regulating behaviour. • Dysregulation, aggression, self-injurious behaviour. • Difficulties with attention & sustaining interaction. • Over-estimating true ability can lead to interventions aimed too high (or low!). - Frustration & Behaviour Dysregulation. - Expectations unobtainable for individual. |
|
|
What are some differences between ASD, ID and GDD? |
• Distribution of skills: there is scatter in ASD vs even distribution in ID and GDD • Language delay & atypical language in ASD, whereas just a language delay in ID and GDD. • Communication: compensate for verbal difficulties through gestures, facial expressions + eye contact VS limited compensation in ASD. • Social skills: commensurate w/ mental age VS lower than expected based on mental age in ASD. • Adaptive skills: similar or above mental age VS lower than mental age in ASD (socialization). • Report of skill regression → consider ASD |
|
|
What is a Language Disorder? |
• Marked delay in receptive and/or expressive language skills in absence of additional developmental issues. - Grammatical, semantic (meaning), social and non-verbal (pragmatics). - Expressive, Receptive, Expressive + Receptive. - Can affect spoken, written, sign, speech production. |
|
|
What is Hyperlexia? |
• High level of word decoding/early readers. • Discrepancy between single word reading level and comprehension (Newman et al., 2007). • High comorbidity in ASD (5-10%) & may be associated with obsessive behaviour (over practicing)/general language/communication difficulties. |
|
|
What does a communication impairment look like in ASD? |
• Difficulties using spoken & nonverbal language socially. • Individuals with LD have difficulties using & understanding language, but will not demonstrate primary deficits in social communication characteristic of ASD. • However, children with LD may appear shy, avoid eye-contact, fail to follow instructions due to comprehension difficulties, but does not mean ASD. |
|
|
What are some other medical conditions that are comorbid with ASD? |
- Seizures (~25% in ASD cases) - Insomnia & abnormal sleep patterns (present in ~60% of children with ASD) - Gastrointestinal symptoms (9-91% reported) - Genetic syndromes (e.g. Fragile X syndrome, FMR1 mutations, Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome |
|
|
What is Rett Syndrome? |
Caused by mutation in the methyl CpGbinding protein 2 (MECP2gene). • Almost exclusively in females. • Early development maybe normal. • Abnormalities in early infancy can include loss of muscle tone (hypotonia), difficulty feeding, jerkiness in limb movements. • Development slowing, loss of purposeful use of the hands, distinctive hand movements, slowed brain and head growth, problems with walking, seizures, and intellectual disability. • Autistic features, toe walking, sleep problems, a wide-based gait, teeth grinding and difficulty chewing, slowed growth, seizures, cognitive disabilities, and breathing difficulties while awake such as hyperventilation, apnea (breath holding), and air swallowing. |
|
|
What is Angelman Syndrome? |
Complex genetic disorder: Loss of function of UBE3Agene, chromosome 15 partly deleted (15%), mutation in maternal copy (11%). • 1 in 12,000-20,000 people. • Delayed development (6-12 m), ID, speech impairment, ataxia (problems with movement & balance). • Seizures/epilepsy, EEG abnormalities. • Microcephaly (abnormal smallness of the head, associated with incomplete brain development). • Happy demeanor, smiling, laughter, hand flapping, short attention span, hyperactivity, fascination with water. • Distinctive facial features, flattened back of the head, deep-set eyes, wide, ever-smiling mouth, prominent jaw and widely spaced teeth, lightly pigmented hair, skin and eyes. • Sleep difficulties. • Can be mistaken for ASD due to common symptoms, but typically highly sociable. |
|
|
What is ADHD? |
• Neurodevelopmental disorder affecting both children and adults • Persistent or on-going pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with daily life or typical development. • Can affects attention, executive function, working memory. |
|
|
What are Tic Disorders? |
• Presence of motor or vocal tics (Tourette's syndrome has both). • Differential diagnosis with ASD based on difference between stereotypical motor mannerisms and tics. • In ASD, more prevalent when overstimulated, excited, overwhelmed, absence of structure. • Unlike tics, are more under control of individual (although CBT can be effective for treating tics). |
