Week 5-Chapter 7-Chapter Review-Learning

Front 1

7-1
What is learning and what are some basic forms of learning?

Back 1

-Learing is the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behavior.
-Classical, operant, and congitive learning are three basic forms.

Front 2

7-2
What are the basic components of classical conditioning, and what was behaviorism's view of learning?

Back 2

-Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
-Take an uncontrolled stimulus and uncontrolled reaction, add a neutral stimulus with the uncontrolled stimulus take away the uncontrolled stimulus and the neutral stimulus becomes the controlled stimulus.

-Behaviorism viewed psychology as an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental process.

Front 3

7-3
In classical conditioning, what are the processes of acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination?

Back 3

-Acquisition is the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
-Extinction-when the conditioned stimulus occurs repeatedly without the uncontrolled stimulus and the conditioned response reduces.
-Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the conditioned response after a pause of extinguished conditioned response.
-Generalization-once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response.
-Discrimination-learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus and stimulus that does not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 4

7-4
Why does Pavlov's work remain so important, and what have been some applications of his work to human health and well-being?

Back 4

-Pavlov's classical conditioning is agreed to be a basic form of learning. His theories apply to all organisms on earth and how they adapt to their environment.
-Current practices use this method to treat addiction, condition the immune system, and condition people to overcome fears and bad habits.

Front 5

7-5
How is operant behavior reinforced and shaped?

Back 5

-Operant behavior is reinforced by reinforcing the preceding response with something desired by the subject such as praise, attention, food, etc.
-Operant behavior is shaped by guiding behavior closer and closer to approximations of the desired behavior.

Front 6

7-6
How do positive and negative reinforcement differ, and what are the basic types of reinforcers?

Back 6

-Positive reinforcement strengthens a response by presenting a pleasurable stimulus after a response.
-Negative reinforcement strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative.

-Basic types of reinforcers are:"Primary (unlearned) and Conditioned(learned)" reinforcers. and "Immediate and delayed reinforcers.

Front 7

7-7
How do different reinforcement schedules affect behavior?

Back 7

-Continuous reinforcement rapid learning occurs, but extinction occurs quickly too.
-Partial reinforcement sometimes reinforced, sometimes not; learning is slower but resistance to extinction is greater.

Front 8

7-8
How does punishment differ from negative reinforcement, and how does punish affect behavior?

Back 8

-Reinforcement increases a behavior, punishment decreases it.

-Punishing suppresses behavior, does not eliminate it, reinforcing parents punishing behavior. Punishment teaches discriminating behavior. Punishment can teach fear. Physical punishment may teach aggression my modeling the behavior.

Front 9

7-9
Why did Skinner's idea provoke controversy, and how might his operant conditioning principles be applied in school, sports, work, or home?

Back 9

-His idea that external influence shapes behavior and not internal thought. Critics argued that this dehumanized people by neglecting their personal freedom and by seeking to control their actions.

-School would have good instruction that did two things; students told immediately whether they were right or wrong, and when right, directed to the next step to be taken.
-Sports-shaping behavior by reinforcing small success and reinforcing the challenge gradually.
-Work-offering rewards for desired performance that is well defined; immediately.
-Home-reaffirm positive behavior. For negative behavior, dont yell but inform the child what they did wrong and give a time out.

Front 10

7-10
How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

Back 10

-Operant conditioning we associate our behavior that act on the environment that produce a positive or negative stimuli. With classical conditioning, we associate different stimuli we do not control.

Front 11

7-11
How do biological constraints affect classical and operant conditioning?

Back 11

-Natural response can overpower classic conditioning, defense mechanisms preventing animals from becoming ill overpower the ability to elicit classical learning.

Front 12

7-12
How do cognitive processes affect classical and operant conditioning?

Back 12

-Classical conditioning-organisms develop expectations that CS signals the arrival of US
-Operant conditioning-Organisms develop expectations that a response will be enforced or punished; they alsoe experience latent learning, without reinforcement.

Front 13

7-13
What is observational learning, and how do some scientists believe it is enabled by mirror neurons?

Back 13

-Observational learning is learning by observing others.
-Mirror neurons-neurons that fire when performing certain actions, and fire when observing others doing so. Enabling us to observe, immitate, and learn.

Front 14

7-14
What is the impact of prosocial modeling and antisocial modeling?

Back 14

-Prosocial modeling or modeling constructive, helpful behavior can have positive effects such as good morals, good work ethic and orientation, and good parenting.
-Anitsocial modeling or observing and modeling negative behavior can have negative effects; bausive parents raising abusive children, modeling violent television.