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71 Cards in this Set
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CD4
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Blood test- lymphocyte immunophenotyping
AIDS testing CD4= T-helper cells 60 - 75% 600 - 1500 /microliter |
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CBC
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complete blood count
RBC, WBC w/ differential, platelets, Hct, Hgb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PT, PTT, MPV |
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RBC
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red blood count, red cell count
4.8--5.6 m/mm3 millions/cubic millimeters |
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WBC
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white blood count
MALES: 5,000--10,000k/mm3 FEMALES: SAME CRITICAL: <2500 or >30,000 k/mm3=thousand/cubic millimeter |
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DIFFERENTIAL COUNT
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neutrophils: 40-70%
bands: 4-8% eosinophils: 0-5% basophils: 0-1% lymphocytes: 25-40% monocytes: 5-8% |
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neutrophils
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40 - 70%
increase showing bands or stabs indicates presence of acute bacterial infection |
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eosinophils
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0-5%
increase shows allergic reaction or infection of parasites |
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lymphocytes
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25 - 40%
B cells--antibody production T cells--cellular-type immune reactions Increase indicates chronic bacterial infection or acute viral infection |
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basophils
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0.5 - 1%
indicative of parasitic infections or allergic reactions |
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monocytes
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5-8%
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red cell indices
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MCV: 82 - 92
MCH: 27 - 31 pg (picograms) MCHC: 32 - 36 g/dL RDW: 11 - 14.5 (less than 15%) |
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MCV
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mean corpuscular volume--red cell indices
measures SIZE 82-92% hematocrit% X 10 MCV= -------------------------- RBC million/mm3 useful in categorizing ANEMIAS (normocytic, microcytic, macrocytic |
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MCH
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mean corpuscular hemoglobin
27 - 31pg (picograms) hemoglobin g/dL X 10 MCH=RBC m/mm3 measures WEIGHT (average amt of hemoglobin within an RBC diagnoses of ANEMIAS (normocytic, microcytic, macrocytic) |
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MCHC
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mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (red cell indices)
32 - 36% measures CONCENTRATION of HEMOGLOBIN within an RBC diagnosing ANEMIAS (as normochromic or hypochromic) cannot be considered HYPERchromic because the MAX is 37% |
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RDW
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red cell distribution width (red cell indices)
less than 15% used in classifying ANEMIAS measures degree of anisocytosis (blood condition w/ RBCs of variable & abnormal sizes |
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Hct
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hematocrit
measurement of % of RBCs in a total blood volume 40 - 48% CRITICAL: <15% OR >60% evaluation of ANEMIAS (value should be about 3x the Hgb value) |
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Hb, Hgb
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hemoglobin
12 - 16 g/dL CRITICAL: <5.0 g/dL or >20 g/dL |
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PT
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prothrombin time, Pro-time, INR (internationized normalized ratio)
11 to 13 seconds 85 - 100% CRITICAL: >20 seconds measures: COAGULATION TIME indication of liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, intrinsic clotting factors V, VII, and IX, or fibrinogen measures coumarin ingestion (Coumadin, Panwarfin) |
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PTT, APTT
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partial thromboplastin time, activated partial thromboplastin time
PTT = 21 to 35 seconds aPTT = 30 - 40 seconds used for heparin monitoring & to check intrinsic clotting factors of clotting formation (but ACT is better for CPB (cardiopulmonary bypass) LIVER DISEASE |
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INR
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international normalized ratio
for PTT, aPTT standardizes the potency of thromboplastin used in testing--different batches have different potencies therapeutic INR: 2 - 3.5 seconds target ranges are different for varying diseases: DVT (deep vein thrombosis) prophylaxis: 1 to 1.5 recurrent DVT: 3 to 4 Atrial fibrillation: 2 to 3 |
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ANC
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absolute neutrophil count
ANC = WBC X (% neutrophils + % bands) CRITICAL: <1000 |
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ACT
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activated clotting time, activated coagulation time
ACT= 70 - 120 seconds accepted level for heparin monitoring during CPB (cardiopulmonary bypass) is: 400 to 480 seconds CRITICAL: depends |
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platelet count (thrombocyte count)
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ADULT: 150,000 - 400,000/mm3
CRITICAL: <50,000 or >1 million/mm3 |
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MPV
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mean platelet volume
MPV: 7.4 - 10.4 fL MPV is to platelets what MCV is to RBCs. useful in differential diagnosis of thrombocytopenia--the manufacturing of platelet size low MPV= low size of platelets high MPV=large size immature platelet formation |
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D-dimer
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coagulation study that measures the product of clot lysis (breakdown). Values are elevated in DIC, MI, venous thrombosis
less than 250 mcg/L |
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fibrinogen
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200 to 400 mg/dL
fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by clot initiation factors. Levels decrease with active clot formation. Fibrinogen is also an acute phase protein and is elevated in infection and inflammation. |
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FSP
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fibrin split product or fibrin degradation product
<250 mcg/L breakdown product of fibrin clot. Elevated levels are indicative of DIC (dessiminated intravascular coagulation) |
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blasts
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0%
very immature white cells; diagnostic for leukemia when seen in the peripheral blood. |
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blood chemistry test that indirectly measures the amount of iron stored in the body by measuring the small amount of iron that is always present in the blood. Used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia:
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ferritin test
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blood chemistry test that measures the level of a protein that carries iron in the blood--used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia:
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total iron binding capacity
(TIBC) |
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blood test to monitor the effectiveness of the anticoagulant drug heparin when it is given in high dosages:
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ACT--activated clotting time
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What would be the expected result of the ACT test on a patient on heparin?
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prolonged, rather than normal, activated clotting time would be expected.
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Blood test to monitor the effectiveness of heparin when it is given in normal doses:
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PTT-partial thromboplastin time
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Blood test to evaluate the effectiveness of the anticoagulant drug Coumadin
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PT--prothrombin time
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Test used to determine the amounts of immunoglobulins in the blood:
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electrophoresis
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Name the immunoglobulins in the blood:
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IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, & IgM
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What does ELISA stand for?
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enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
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What kind of test is ELISA?
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HIV test--serology test that detects antibodies against HIV in serum;
can also be positive in SLE, Lyme disease or syphilis. |
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Serum test for antibodies against HIV;
used to confirm the findings of a positive ELISA & make a diagnosis of HIV infection: |
Western Blot
(remember the dictated phrase, "And confirmed by Western Blot." |
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Test that measures tiny amounts of HIV RNA that are present in the serum during the 6 weeks before the HIV antibodies can be detected:
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viral load test
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What is the term for:
the quantity of a substance required to produce a reaction with a given volume of another substance, or the amount of one substance required to correspond with a given amount of another substance. |
titer
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Test used to screen donated blood for the presence of HIV:
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p24 antigen test
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Test that monitors the number of helper T cells, used to monitor the progression of disease and response to antiretroviral drugs:
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CD4 count;
CD4: CD8 ratio is also monitored |
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Rapid test that uses the patient's serum mixed with horse erythrocytes. If positive, heterophile antibodies in the patient's serum will cause the horse's erythrocytes to clump:
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MonoSpot test;
heterophil antibody test |
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Urine test used to monitor the course of multiple myeloma. The cancerous plasma cells produce this abnormal immunoglobulin tha can be detected in urine:
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Bence Jones test
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Urine test that uses radioactive tracers to diagnose pernicious anemia:
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Schilling test
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Radiologic procedure that combines a 2-dimensional ultrasound image with Doppler ultrasonography that color codes images of the blood according to their velocity and direction, showing turbulence and variation in velocity by variations in brightness:
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color flow duplex ultrasonography
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The "gold standard" test for evaluating tortuous varicose veins and diagnosing deep vein thrombosis:
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color flow duplex ultrasonography
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Normal RBC count
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4.8 to 5.6 million mcL (microliters)
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Normal WBC count
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5,000 to 10,000 per millimeters cubed
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Normal range for:
segmented neutrophils aka: segs, polys, polymorphoneucler leukocytes |
40% to 70%
increased in bacterial infections, pregnancy, some leukemias decreased in some cases of poisoning, some viral infections, some leukemias, & post chemo & radiation. |
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Normal range for:
bands (stabs) |
4% to 8%
increase known as 'left shift', may indicate severe or acute infection |
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Normal range for:
basophils |
0 to 1%
increased in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and polycythemia. Decreased in hyperthyroidism & bone marrow suppression. |
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Normal range for:
eosinophils |
0 to 5%
increased in allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) |
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Hct
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hematocrit
percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood 40% to 48% Hct is roughly 3x Hgb value |
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Hgb
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hemoglobin
amount of iron-binding heme in blood reduction: malnutrition, iron deficiency anemia, leukemia, thalassemia, hemorrhage, anemia of chronic disease elevation: polycythemia vera, dehydration, compensation for reduced oxygen concentration |
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ESR
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate
speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma normal: 15-20 mm/hr |
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What can be determined from:
ESR |
non-specific for any particular disease, but erythrocytes may settle faster in infections, inflammations (collagen-vascular diseases), neoplasms, and tissue necrosis or infarction. Test used to determine presence of autoimmune diseases.
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What is meant by:
a shift to the left |
increased numbers of immature neutrophils in blood (indicating infection)
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Name the test:
a test for the presence of nonagglutinating antibodies against red blood cells, using antihuman globulin antibody to agglutinate cells coated with the nonagglutinating antibody. |
antiglobulin test;
The direct antiglobulin test detects antibodies bound to circulating red cells in vivo. It is used in the evaluation of autoimmune and drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia and erythroblastosis fetalis. The indirect antiglobulin test detects serum antibodies that bind to red cells in an in vitro incubation step. It is used in typing of erythrocyte antigens and in compatibility testing (cross-match). |
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Name the test:
(for presence of antibody) cells containing antigens to a given antibody are mixed into the solution being tested |
agglutination test;
(agglutination indicates presence of the antibody) |
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Name the test:
1. a test of the compatibility of donor and recipient blood performed before transfusion: red cells of the donor are placed in serum of the recipient (major crossmatch) and red cells of the recipient in serum of the donor (minor crossmatch) and antiglobulin is added to increase reactivity; the presence of hemolysis or agglutination indicates incompatibility. 2. a test for the presence in the serum of a prospective transplant recipient of cytotoxic antibodies against donor tissue antigens: donor lymphocytes are placed in serum of the recipient; the presence of cytolysis indicates incompatibility and the likelihood of hyperacute graft rejection. |
crossmatch;
Called also pretransplant crossmatch and HLA crossmatch. Written also cross match and cross-match. |
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NAME THE TEST:
test used to detect antibodies bound to circulating red cells in vivo. It is used in the evaluation of autoimmune and drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia and erythroblastosis fetalis. |
direct antiglobulin test
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NAME THE TEST:
test used to detect serum antibodies that bind to red cells in an in vitro incubation step. It is used in typing of erythrocyte antigens and in compatibility testing (cross-match). |
indirect antiglobulin test
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NAME THE TEST:
red cells of the recipient are placed in serum of the recipient |
minor crossmatch
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NAME THE TEST:
red cells of the donor are placed in the serum of the recipient: |
major crossmatch
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NAME THE TEST USED IN TOXICOLOGY
a type of agglutination test in which antigen to a given antibody is adsorbed to latex particles and mixed with a solution to observe for agglutination of the latex. |
latex agglutination test
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NAME THE TEST USED IN TOXICOLOGY:
a highly sensitive and specific assay method that uses the competition between radiolabeled and unlabeled substances in an antigen-antibody reaction to determine the concentration of the unlabeled substance; it can be used to determine antibody concentrations or to determine the concentration of any substance against which specific antibody can be produced. |
radioimmunoassay
used on blood & other body fluids as well as forensic toxicology |
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NAME THE TEST USED TO DETERMINE ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS:
any of several methods for the quantitative determination of chemical substances that utilize the highly specific binding between an antigen or hapten and homologous antibodies, including radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, and fluoroimmunoassay. |
immunoassay
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NAME THE TEST:
fluorescent-tagged antibody reacts with antigen-antibody complex in the presence of ultraviolet light: |
immunofluorescence;
indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA); tests for antinuclear antibodies (ANAs);antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) |
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NAME THE TEST:
widely used in drug testing of urine specimens: |
EMITV
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