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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
synthesis of __ from ___ accounts for 50% cholesterol elimination from the body
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bile acids from cholesterol
(major way cholesteral is being removed) |
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synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol requires __ different enzymes
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17
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synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol converts cholesterol to a ____ and readily excreted molecule
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water-soluble
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majority of circulating bile acids are conjugated with __ or ___
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glycine or taurine
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conjucated bile acids are present as salts and are called -__
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bile salts
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a majority of circulating ___ are conjugates with glycine and taurine
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bile acids
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true or false
transcellular transport of bile acids is achieved through diffusion |
false-
trancellular transport of bile acids require specialized transporters |
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the entire bile pool is recirculated ___ or more times in response to ____
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the entire bile pool is recirculated 2 or more times in responseto a typical meal
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the recirculation of the bile is known as the ___
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enterohepatic circulation
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what type of cells synthesize bile?
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hepatocytes
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after bile is synthesized in hapatocytes, it is transported to ____
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caniculus
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in order for bile to be absorbed by enterocytes,, the use __ transporter
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ASBT
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once in cells, bile uses ___ to mover from apical portion of cell to basolateral portion
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MRP3 and MRP4
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____ transports bile from basolateral portion of cell to blood (portal vein)
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OST
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after bile is transported from the basolateral portion of the cell to the portal vein, bile is conjugated with ___ as they travel through the portal vein from the intestine back to liver and enter the sinusoidal spaces
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albumen
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after the albumen is removed the bile acids are tranported into hepatocytes (basolateral surface) from the protal vein by __ ,___, and ___
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OATPs, mEH, NTCP
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OATPs, mEH, NTCP are ___ dependent cotransporters
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Na
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control of bile acid synthesis and secretion is controlled by the rate of return of ___ to the __
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return of bile acids to the liver
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stimulates the uptake and resecretion of bile acids (by the ___)
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hapatacytes
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the stimulation of secretion is called the ___ effect of bile
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choleretic effect
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___ are substances that enhance bile acid secretion
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choleretics
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__% of bile acids escape absorption and is excreted
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10-20%
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Bile acids that return to the liver are taken up by what kind of cells?
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hepatocytes
which rapidly resecretes them during the course of digestion |
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Bile acids lost into the feces are the only significant source of ___excretion
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Cholesterol
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high blood cholesterol is a risk factor for ____
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coronary heart disease
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when do crystals of cholesterol tend to form in the bile?
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if more cholesterol is present in the bile than can be solublized in the micells, then the bile is supersaturated with cholesterol and crystals of cholesterol ten to form in the bile
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cholesterol crystals in bile leads to the formation of ____ in the duct system of the liver or in the gallbladder
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cholesterol gallstones
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____- accumulation of bile salts in the blood and deficiency of bile salts in the intestinal lumen
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cholestasis
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cholestasis is the accumulation of bile salts in the blood and deficiency of bile salts in the intestinal lumen , there is decreased bile flow through what ?
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canaliculi
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what is a degraded product of red blood cells, specifically the porphyrin moiety of hemoglobin
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bilirubin
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bilirubin is removed from the blood by hepatocytes and conjugates with glucuronic acid to form ___
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bilirubin glucuronides
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bilirubin is a degraded product of RBC, specifically ___ of hemoglobin is converted to bilirubin
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porphyrin moiety
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bilirubin is removed from the blood by ___ (type of cell)
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hepatocytes
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what stimulates the uptake and resecretion of bile acids as well as remove bilirubin from the blood
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hepatocytes
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bilirubin is removed from the blood by hepatocytes and conjugated with ___ to form bilirubin glucuronides
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glucuronic acid
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what color is bilirubin?
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yellow (contributes to the color of the bile)
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colonic bacteria convert bilirubin to ___
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urobilinogen
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what consists of calcium salts or unconjugated bilirubin?
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bile pigment gallstones
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conjugated bilirubin is soluble or insoluble
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soluble and does not form insoluble calcium salts in bile
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____ converts bilirubin to urobilinogen
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colonic bacteria
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in liver disease, bile may contain elevated levels of conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin?
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unconjugated (because hepatocytes are deficient in forming the bilirubin glucuronides)
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bilirubin glucuronides are secreted into the ___
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bile
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small intesting secretion is about ___ a day
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15000 ml/day
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what kind of cells line the columnar epithelial cells of the small intestie and secrete mucus
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goblet cells
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___ protects the lining of the mucosa in the intestin
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mucus
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small intestin secretion:
during normal digestion, aqueous secretions is produced by the ___ cells? |
epithelial cells
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what cells produce enzymes (altase, sucrase, lactase, and alph dexitrase which further break down ____ and ___
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enterocytes produce the enzymes that breakdown disaccarides and intestinal lipase
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secretion of the colon:
what cells in the colonic mucosa secrete mucus? |
goblet cells
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secretions of the colon:
the ____ component is rich in K and HCO3 |
aqueous component
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secretions of the colon:
are stimulated by ___ agents |
cholinergic agents
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___- basic functional unit of liver constructed around central vein that empties into the hepatic vein then vena cava
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lobule
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liver:
how much blood a minute is pumped through the hepatic artery in the liver |
300mL
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liver:
2 cells drain bile here and then transport it to bile ducts. where is this taking place? |
canaliculus
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Liver:
____- blood flows here b/t hepatic plates to central vein |
sinusoid
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liver:
the cellular plate consists of __(#) cells |
2
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