Week 3-Chapter 9-Chapter Review-Thinking And Language

Front 1

9-1
What is cognition, and heuristic, what are the functions of concepts?

Back 1

-Cognition is the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information.
-Concepts are mental grouping of similar objects enabling us to simplify our thinking. When an idea is a candidate to be categorized into a concepts, it is a prototype. Concepts help speed and guide our thinking.

Front 2

9-2
What cognitive strategies assist our problem solving, and what obstacles hinder it?

Back 2

-Trial and error
-Algorithms-step by step
-Heuristics- simplifying

-Hindered by confirmation bias-search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contradictory evidence
-Mental set-type of fixation where we approach a problem with the mindset that worked previously.

Front 3

9-3
What is intuition, and how can the availability, overconfidence, belief perseverance, and framing influence our decisions and judgement?

Back 3

-Intuition-fast, automatic, unreasonable feelings and thoughts.
-availability heuristic is a simplified way of making decisions and estimating a situation based on one's availability of memory; lack of information and snap judgement causing bad judgement and fear of very unlikely events.
-Overconfidence-to be more confident that correct; we overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge. Can have positive effects; overconfident people are happier, make tough decisions more easily, seem more credible than others.
-Belief perseverance- cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. Fuels social conflict, in the absence of considering the opposite view with objective and unbiased decision making.
-Framing influence-the way an issue is presented sways decisions and judgement. Power persuasion tool that can be used for good or bad causes. Organ donor choosing, 401k, etc.

Front 4

9-4
How do smart thinkers use intuition?

Back 4

-Smart thinkers identify the source and cause of intuition. Understand that unconscious decision making, the ability to react quickly. Check intuition against reality; question it, and train your subconscious mind with intelligence, and your intuition will follow, having more faith in your instant response.

Front 5

9-5
What do we know about animal thinking?

Back 5

-Animals display remarkable cognitive skills; categorizing, displaying insights (and foresight), using tools, transmitting cultural patterns to offspring, self awareness, etc.

Front 6

9-6
What are the structural components of language?

Back 6

-Phonemes
-Morphemes
-Grammar

Front 7

9-7
What are the milestones in language development?

Back 7

-4 months-babbles
-10 months- babbling resembling household language
-12 months-One word stage
-24 month-2 word stage
-2 y.o. speech mostly nouns
-elementary-complex sentences

Front 8

9-8
How do we acquire language?

Back 8

-All humans are built in with predispositions to learn grammar; universal grammar. Specific grammar is culturally and geographically dependent.
-Infants have built in readiness systems to learn grammar.
-Childhood is the "critical period" for mastering aspects of grammar that slowly declines until about age 7 when the ability to master any language is lost.

Front 9

9-9
What brain areas are involved in language processing and speech?

Back 9

-Different brain areas serve different language functions.
-Left frontal lobe damage , a person struggles to speak words
-Left temporal lobe; person only speaks meaningless words
-The brain operates by dividing its mental functions-speaking, perceiving, thinking, remembering-into subfunctions.

Front 10

9-10
Do other animals share our capacity for language?

Back 10

-Humans alone are capable of complex sentences.
-Animals have the ability to communicate through meaninful sequence of symbols.

Front 11

9-11
What is the relationship between language and thinking, and what is the value of thinking in images?

Back 11

-Thinking affects our language, which then affects our thought.