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81 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
Embden Meyerhof pathway
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most common breakdown pathway of pyruvate to glucose - in fermentation
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Can obligate intracellular organisms make ATP?
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No
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List the virulence factors of bacteria/
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1.Flagella (V. Cholera has one), Ecoli has many, and Shigella has none.
2. Pili - adhesion, (to attach to specific cell lines) 3. Exotoxin 4. Endotoxin 5. Capsule |
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Capsules are found in g- or g+?
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in both
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Composition of capsule? what is the best way our body deals with encapsulated organisms?
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1.Polysaccharides
2. Antibiodies |
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Name two tests to visualize capsulated organisms and how they work?
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1. India ink stain: ink does not penetrate bacteria - result transparent halo (used for cyrptococcus)
2.Quellung- Antibiodies cause the capsule to swell with water for visulization |
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Name the only two bacteria to have endospores and what group are they in? Best way to destroy spores?
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Both are g+
1.Clostridium and Bacillus 2.Autoclave |
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Name the 7 faculatative intracellular organisms? What is their common mechanism to stay in the cells?
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1. Listeria (the only g+ with endotoxin)
2. Salmonella 3. Yernia (plaque) 4. Francisella 5. Brucella 6. Legionella 7. Mycobacterium Prevent fusion with the lysosome and escape H2O2 and superoxide radicals |
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What type of bac release exotoxins? List the classes of exotoxins?
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1. Both g+ (all except listeria) and g-
2.Exotoxins,Neurotoxins,Enterotoxins,Pyrogenic, Tissue invasive exotoxins, misc. |
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Types of enterotoxins? Typical mechanism?
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1. Infectious diarrhea -active GI infection (e.g E.Coli, C. Jejuni, Shigella dysenteria)
2. Food poisoning - performed toxins by bacteria (e.g B. cereus, Staph aureus) General Mechanism 1. Inhibit NACL reabsorbtion 2. Activate NACL secretion |
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Endotoxins is different from exotoxins?
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1. It is part of the cell wall and shed during lysis.
2. Endo is not made of polypeptide like exotoxin (polysaccharide sugar) |
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What are the 2 polypeptide units of Exotoxins? (p12 Clinical Simple)
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1. Subunit B or H - binding (or holding)
2. Subnit A or L - Action (or laser) B/H - Key for the gun A/L - the Gun |
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Name the major endogenous mediators of sepsis?
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1. TNF(cachexia)
2. IL-1 they activate a host of other cytokines that lead to sepsis : hypotension,vasodilatation, organ dysfunction. |
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What is the problem with Antibiodies against endotoxin in treating sepsis?
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You need to know the exact bacteria involved-culture takes time
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Note the experiement that showed 'transformation' of bacteria?
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The experiment with smooth and rough encapuslated staph pneumo.
The rough staph were able to pick up the virulent factor from heat killed staph . By Griffith 1928 |
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What is the name of viral integrated genome in bacteria? what is the name of the bacteria?
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1. Prophage
2. Lysogenic |
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What is an example of lysogenic conversion - required to make this bug virulent? (gene transduction of bac by a temperate phage)
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Corynebacterium diphtheria
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What is the DNA structure of plasmids?
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Circular dsDNA
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Name the types of Transduction of bacteria?
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1. Generalized transduction (from lytic phage-no dna incorporation)
2. Specialized transduction (from prophage next to genome of lysogenic bacteria) |
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What is F+ bacteria? What is Hfr cell? What is their major role?
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1. F+ is a self transmissible plasmid - circular and dsDNA. can carry many genes such as drug resistance
2. Hfr is bascially an F+ incorporated into the bacterial genome. - it may transfer the entire bac genome - or it may be excised (and excised with some adjacent bac gene) 3. Conjugation |
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Describe Strep? list the different group of Strep?
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A. g+cat-
B. 1. Group A beta-hemolytic strep 2. Group B Strep (strep agalactiae) 3. Viridans Strep 4. Group D strep (enterococci -fecalis,faecium, non enterococci-bovis, equinus) 5. Strep pneumoniae (No lancefield antigens) |
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How many species of strep? how many are pathogenic?
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1. 30
2. 5 are pathogenic (A,B,D,S.pneumonia and Viridans group) |
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Name two major ways that you can group strep?
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1. Hemolytic abilities
2. Lancefield antigens (C-carbohydrate of cell wall) |
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What the Strep strains
Beta hemolytic? (clear-complete) Alpha hemolytic? (greenish-partial) Gamma hemolytic? (no hemolysis) |
1. Beta: Group A Strep Pyogenes (bac+)
Group B Strep Agalactiae (bac-) -test with Bacitracin 2. Alpha: Strep pneumoniae. Quellung+,optochin+, bile+ Viridans strep QL-,Optochin-,bile- 3. Gamma: Enterococcus Peptostreptococcus (anaerobe) |
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List the components of S. pyogenes cell wall? Virulent enzymes?
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1. i. C carbohydrate: group A
ii. M protein: Inhibits complement,antigenic 2 i.Streptolysin O: used in ASO titers. O for O2 labile. RBC,WBC killer ii.Streptolysin S: O2 stable, beta hemolytic, -antegenic iii. Pyrogenic exotoxin: cause of scarlet fever- only in some strains. |
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Name the 4 disease by Strep pyogene due to direct effect? Due to Delayed mediated diease?
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1. Strep. pharyngitis, Strep. skin infection, Scarlet fever, Strep. TSS
2. Rheumatic fever, Post-strep glomerulonephritis |
Mom my throats, my skin is disintegrating and my urine is tea-colored
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Is Strep still penicillin G sensitive?
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Yes
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Describe Scarlet fever?
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1.By some b-hemolytic A strep - due exotoxin.
2.Causes Fever and Scarlet -red rash (spares face) 3.Skin may peel during healing |
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What are the manifestations of Rheumatic fever? Usu. due to what strep infection?
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i. Fever,
ii. Myocarditis (valves,as well) iii.Joint swelling (acute polymigratory arthritis) iv.Chorea, v.Subcutaneous nodules (rubbery underskin) vi.Erythema Marginatum (red margin that spreads out) 2. Untreated Pharyngitis (no strep skin infec.) |
Fig 4-3.
John travolta with joint,heart,chorea arms) |
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Cause of post-strep glomerulonephritis?
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1.Strep infec. of Pharynx or Skin
2. Type II (complex deposit in kidney-activates complement) |
Mom my urine in Tea colored (hematouria)
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How many % of women carry S.agalactiae (group B) in their vagina?
Complication to fetus by S. agalactiae? |
1. 25%
2. Neo-natal meningitis - presents atypically - Vomiting, irritable, poor feeding, fever (lumbar puncture and treat) |
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Name the three main bugs for meningitis of neonates<3months?
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1. S.agalactiae
2. E. Coli 3. Listeria |
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List the 3 major pathology of Strep Viridans group?
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1. Dental infection: S.mutans
2. Endocarditis: Subacute endocarditis-Strep viridans 3. Abscesses: S. Intermedius (if in blood immediately asses for abscess) |
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Major cause of Subacute endocarditis?
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1. Strep Viridans
2. Group D Enterococci (faecalis, faecium) |
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What is a major problem with Enterococus (group D strep)?
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1.Resistance to Drugs
2. Now Resistant to Ampicillin,Vancomycin(VRE) 1st treat with Amp + Aminoglycoside, then Vancomycin, then pristinomycin (can't use Vanco alot inorder to reduce the chances of Staph aureus resistance) |
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Growth requirement for Enterococcus?non Enterococcus?
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1. 40% bile or 6.5%NaCl (entero)
2. 40%bile (non-entero) |
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Most common cause of Otitis media in children? Most common cause of meningitis in Adults?
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Streptococcus Pneumoniae
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What are Strep Pneumonia becoming resistant to? Treatment and prevention?
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1. Penicillins (mainly intermediate resistance (10%US))
2. Vaccine - Pneumovax Treat with high doses of penicillin and cephalosporins. |
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How is catalase tested?
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Add H2O2 and see if O2 (bubbles) are produced. (All Staph are Cat+, all strep are Cat-)
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Name the 3major Staph? Tests to distinguish the groups?
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1. Staph Aureus -Cat+ Coag+
2. Staph Saprophyticus - Cat+ Coag- 3.Staph epidermis - Cat+ Coag - Coag+ in aureus - coagulates blood by activating Pro-thrombin |
Staff with gold medal with cats around
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What are the virulence factors Staph aureus?
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1. Protein A (binds Fc of IgG)prevents opsoniation
2. Coagulase: fibrin to protect Staph 3. Hemolysins (alpha,beta,gamma,delta) and Leukolydins to kill RBC and WBC 4. Penicillinase |
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What are Strep Pneumonia becoming resistant to? Treatment and prevention?
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1. Penicillins (mainly intermediate resistance (10%US))
2. Vaccine - Pneumovax Treat with high doses of penicillin and cephalosporins. |
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Problem with treating Staph?
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1.penicillinase resistant.
2.Some strains are becoming methicillin resistance Staph aureus - MRSA |
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What are Staph aureus tissue destroying proteins?
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1. Hyalondinase: breaksdown proteoglycan
2. Lipase 3. Staphylokinase: lyses fibrin |
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Name the 3 Toxins of Staph aureus?
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1. Exfoliatin: Scalded Skin Syndrome
2. Enterotoxin: food poisoning 3. TSST1 |
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Name the clinical diesases caused by staph aureus due to its direct invasion?
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1. Pneumonia - Rare - but the causes lobar pneumonia, destruction of lung parenchyma
2. Meningitis 3. Osteomyelitis(in Boys<12) 4. Septic arthritis (PMN>100,000,g+) 5. Bacteremia/Sepsis 6. UTI 7. Skin infection: best buddy Strep Pyogenes cause very similar (treat with dicloxacillin to cover both) |
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How do you treat MRSA strains? methicillin resistant staph aureus
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Vancomycin
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Why is Stap epidermis - so pathogenic in prosthetic materials?
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Because its polysaccharide capsule very adhere to these devices (catheters, prosthetic valves, joints)
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Treatment of Stap. epidermis?
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Vancomycin. resistant to multiple drugs.
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All the Staph are facultative anaerobes T/F?
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True
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Staph Saprophyticus is clinical significant in? Treat with?
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1.UTI of sexually active women.
2.Surprisingly with Penicillin |
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What are the two spore forming g+ rods?
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1.Bacillus and Clostridium
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What are the manifestations of Anthrax infection?
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1. Skin Anthrax infection: can lead to death - exotoxin causes necrosis. Painless lesion is black with rim of edema
2. Lung Anthrax infec: Woolsorter's disease. Exotoxin damages 3. GI anthrax: rare - lead to vomiting,bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain |
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The Anthrax exotoxins is made of?
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1. Action factor: Edema factor - extracellular adenylyl cyclase. Taken up by PMN and Macrophage. Increase CAMP and deactivates these cells
2. Binding factor: Protective antigen (PA) promotes entry of Edema factor 3. Lethal factor: destroy macrophages- func. not really well known. |
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How B. cereus different from B.anthracis?
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B. Cereus is
1. Motile, non-encapsulated and resistant to penicillin |
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What is the unique Anthrax capusule made of?
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Polymer gamma-D-glutamic = anti-phagocytic
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What is the most common clinical manifestation of anthrax?
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95% cutaneous
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Treatment?
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1. Penicillin G, Vanco
. Vaccine (of PA antigen) |
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What are toxin types of B. Cereus?
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1. Heat labile (like e-coli, V. cholera)
2. Heat Stable (Staph aureus like food poisoning) |
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What is the treatment of food poisoning of B. cereus?
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Be serious - no treatment because its pre-formed.
For the bacteria- its is penicillin resistant- So 1.Vancomycin 2.Clindamycin |
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The various diseases caused by the Clostridium family?
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1. Tetanus - C.tetani
2. Botulism- C.botulinum 3. Gas gangrene -C.perfringens 4. Pseudomembranous colitis-C.Difficle |
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Are all Clostridium motile?
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Yes except for C. Perfrigens is non-motilie
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Action of the tetanus toxin? Botulism toxin? Alpha toxin? Toxin A and B
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1. Tetanus toxin inhibits the release of inhibitory NT - Glycine and GABA
2. Botulism toxin binds and inhibits Ach receptor 3. Alpha toxin of C. perfrigens - splits lecithinase into phosphocholine and diglyceride. 4. Toxin A causes diarrhea and toxin B is cytotoxic to colonic cells - these are the toxins of C.Difficle |
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Treatment of C.difficle?
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Metronidazole and Vancomycin
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Is Impetigo infectious? usual location in body?
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1.Yes - it is very contagious
2. Face 3.Strep pyogenes |
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1.Is Corynebacterium diptheria motile? Catlase +?
2. What are the major organs affected by C. diptheria? |
1.non-motile and catalase +
2. Heart and CNS |
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1.What are the major exotoxins of C. diptheria (g+cat+ rod)?
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1. 2 subunits
Binding unit: entry into neural and cardiac cells Action unit: EF-2 inhibitor- inhibiting protein synthesis. |
The Human Antibiotic (similar to the action of tetracycline on bacteria)
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How do you clinically identify C.diptheria?
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1. Child with fever and sore throat
2. Pseudomembranous layer - grayish color on pharynx 3. Myocarditis(10%) 4. Neural - peripheral nerve palsies and Guillian Barre like syndrome |
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How do you culture C. diptheria?
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1.Tellurite potassium agar (get dark black colonies)
2. Loffler's medium: stain with methylene blue -Reddish granules |
For C.diptheria - Be sure to TELlur INtern and don't LOaf arround
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What are the charateristics of Listeria Monocytogenes?
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1. g+, H,O(streptolysin),
2. Motile (tumbling in 20oC) 3. Facultative intracellular parasite (best in Macrophages of neonates and immunocomprismed patients) - you need you cell mediated immunity to kill these guys 4. Facultative anaerobe |
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Where can we get listeria monocytogenes infection from?
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1. Unpasturized milk or cheese
2. Vaginal canal (during birth) |
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What is complication of meningococcemia?
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Life threatening - Septic shock
Waterhouse-Fredrichsen Syndrome 1.Bilateral hemorrhage into adrenal glands - drop in BP,tachycardia 2. Rapidly enlarging Petechiae 3. DIC 4. Death (6-8hrs) |
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Who has the capsule Gonococcus or Meningococcus? What are the properties of the capsule
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1. Neisseria Meningitidis
2. Polysaccharide capsule (K),antigenic, 9serotypes but just A,B,C cause Meningitis |
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What are other virulent factors of N. meningitidis other than K antigen -capsule?
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1. Endotoxin -LPS cause blood vessel destruction
2.IgA1 protease 3. Extracts Iron from transferrin |
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Who are high risk for N. Meningitidis?
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1. Babies (6mths - 2yrs)
2. Army Recruits A. normal pop. asymmptomatic N.meningitidis in nasopharynx of carriers= 5% B. In Army recruits - 40% in that population with varing serotypes - the camp makes the recruits immune weakened. C. Babies within that age dont have IgG2 for capsulated organisms yet. |
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A bulging open anterior fontanelle may be a sign of ------- in neonates?
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Meningitis
(babies have atypical presentation- vomiting, irritable, poor feeding) |
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In older kids with meningococcemia meningitis - what signs can you illict?
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1. Kernig sign
2. Brudzinski's sign |
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The Thayer Mayer VCN agar is for what organisms? What does VCN stand for?
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1.Chocolate agar(heated agar) to culture Neisseria Meningitidis and Gonorrhea
2. V-Vancomycin C-Colistin N-Nystatin |
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Complication of Gonorrhea infection?
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1.Women- PID: salpingitis, endometritis, oophoritis.
a. Ectopic pregnancy due to scarring for the falopian tube b. Abcesses c. peritonities 2.Urethral discharge 3. Gonococcal Bacteremia 4. Septic Arthritis 5. Opthalmia neonatorum (infants) |
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To treat against ocular infection of gonorrhea and chlamydia during birth- what are all babies treated with?
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Erythromycin drops
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Treatment of gonorrhea?
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Ceftriaxone
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