Week 1--Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems--Memmler's

Front 1

ATP

Back 1

adenosine triphosphate;
energy-storing compound found in all cells

Front 2

study of disease

Back 2

pathology

Front 3

study of body structure

Back 3

anatomy

Front 4

study of the function of living organisms

Back 4

physiology

Front 5

the substance on which a given enzyme works

Back 5

substrate

Front 6

the bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Back 6

ionic bond

Front 7

chemical substances that usually contain a hydroxide ion (OH-) and can accept a hydrogen ion

Back 7

base

Front 8

chemical substance capable of transferring a hydrogen ion (H+) to another substance

Back 8

acid

Front 9

substance formed from combining an acid and a base

Back 9

salt

Front 10

type of mixture in which the material dissolved in the solvent settles to the bottom if the mixture is not constantly shaken

Back 10

suspension

Front 11

where radioactive isotopes are frequently used?

Back 11

cancer therapy

Front 12

a mixture in which component substances are evenly distributed:

Back 12

solution

Front 13

a mixture in which component substances are NOT evenly distributed:

Back 13

suspension

Front 14

type of mixture in which molecules of an organic substance do NOT dissolve but remain evenly distributed:

Back 14

colloidal suspension

Front 15

term used for a substance that does not dissolve in water

Back 15

hydrophobic substance

Front 16

element found on the amino group of an amino acid

Back 16

nitrogen

Front 17

name for a negatively charged ion:

Back 17

anion

Front 18

name for a positively charged ion:

Back 18

cation

Front 19

Site of protein manufacture in a cell

Back 19

endoplasmic reticulum;
rough ER: sorts proteins and forms them into more complex compounds
smooth ER: involved with lipid synthesis

Front 20

Site that chemically processes and packages substances from the endoplasmic reticulum

Back 20

Golgi apparatus

Front 21

powerhouse of the cell

Back 21

mitochondria;
converts energy from nutrients into ATP

Front 22

digestive system of a cell

Back 22

lysosomes

Front 23

paired hollow cylinders that function in cell production

Back 23

centrioles;
help separate chromosomes in cell division

Front 24

hairlike extensions that move substances over cell surfaces

Back 24

cilia

Front 25

nuclear envelope contains what special structures?

Back 25

nucleolus and granules (contained in nucleoplasm)

Front 26

membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes

Back 26

peroxisomes

Front 27

location of the chromosomes in a cell

Back 27

nucleus

Front 28

makes ribosomes

Back 28

nucleolus

Front 29

role of ribosomes

Back 29

necessary for the manufacture of proteins

Front 30

DNA

Back 30

deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 31

RNA

Back 31

ribonucleic acid

Front 32

Word derived from the Greek word meaning 'to produce'

Back 32

gene

Front 33

The 4 main tissue groups:

Back 33

epithelial tissue,
connective tissue,
muscle tissue,
nerve tissue

Front 34

Kinds of epithelial tissue:

Back 34

simple squamous,
stratified squamous,
simple columnar,
pseudostratified columnar,
simple cuboidal,
stratified cuboidal,
transitional epithelium

Front 35

Name the type of tissue found in:
bladder

Back 35

transitional epithelium (Memmler's)
epithelium that was originally thought to represent a transitional form between stratified squamous and columnar epithelium (Dorland's)
stratified columnar epithelium (M-TEC notes)

Front 36

Name the type of tissue found in:
glands and tubules of the kidney

Back 36

simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 37

Name the type of tissue found in:
lining of the stomach, intestines, respiratory tract

Back 37

simple columnar epithelium that also contain goblet cells

Front 38

Name the type of tissue found in:
lining of the mouth and esophagus

Back 38

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 39

Name the type of tissue found in:
alveoli of lungs and lining of blood and lymphatic vessels

Back 39

simple squamous epithelium

Front 40

Name the type of tissue found in:
lining of the trachea

Back 40

pseudostratified cuboidal epithelium scattered with mucus-secreting goblet cells

Front 41

most abundant type of tissue found in the body

Back 41

connective tissue, more specific, areolar connective tissue

Front 42

Name 11 systems in the body:

Back 42

integumentary system,
circulatory system,
lymphatic system,
endocrine system,
digestive system,
urinary system,
reproductive system,
respiratory system,
skeletal system,
nervous system,
muscular system

Front 43

Name the organs that belong to more than one system:

Back 43

thymus: lymphatic and endocrine systems
pancreas: digestive (secondary) and endocrine
ovaries & testes: endocrine & reproductive systems

Front 44

all cells (except sex cells) divide by a process known as:

Back 44

mitosis

Front 45

programmed cell death is called:

Back 45

apoptosis

Front 46

the passage of water and dissolved materials through a membrane due to force on one side:

Back 46

filtration

Front 47

the movement of materials across a plasma membrane in the direction of the concentration gradient using transporters to move at a faster rate

Back 47

facilitated diffusion

Front 48

type of microscope commonly used in laboratories:

Back 48

compound microscope
(magnifies x 1,000)

Front 49

type of microscope that uses electron beam as the light source and magnifys up to 1 million times:

Back 49

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Front 50

type of microscope that gives a 3-D view of an object

Back 50

scanning electron microscope (SEM)
(magnification: 100,000x)

Front 51

metric unit used for microscopic measurements

Back 51

micrometer
1/1000 of a millimeter (micron)

Front 52

heredity factor

Back 52

gene

Front 53

genetic material of the cell

Back 53

DNA

Front 54

building block of RNA & DNA

Back 54

nucleotides

Front 55

mucus-secreting cells:

Back 55

goblet cells

Front 56

type of tissue lining the digestive tract:

Back 56

simple columnar epithelium that also contains goblet cells

Front 57

Name the 3 classifications of connective tissue based on their distribution and function:

Back 57

circulating connective tissue;
generalized connective tissue;
structural connective tissue

Front 58

type of tissue lining the uterine tubes:

Back 58

columnar epithelium cells with dark nuclei

Front 59

type of tissue lining the vagina

Back 59

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 60

Name the most common type of connective tissue:

Back 60

areolar tissue (soft, jelly-like matrix found in membranes, around organs & vessels, between muscles, and under the skin.

Front 61

what type of tissue are blood & lymph classified as:

Back 61

circulating connective tissue

Front 62

what type of tissue are tendons, ligaments, & capsules surrounding organs classified as:

Back 62

generalized connective tissue (which supports & protects)
contains various densities of fibers

Front 63

What type of tissue is mainly associated with the skeleton, (bones, cartilage):

Back 63

structural connective tissue

Front 64

Name the 3 types of generalized connective tissue:

Back 64

loose connective tissue;
dense connective tissue;
elastic connective tissue

Front 65

Name the 2 types of loose connective tissue:

Back 65

areolar &
adipose

Front 66

Name the 2 types of dense connective tissue:

Back 66

irregular dense &
regular dense

Front 67

What is the type of fiber in dense connective tissue & other connectives tissues:

Back 67

collogen, a flexible white protein

Front 68

type of connective tissue that makes up capsules around certain organs, such as kidney, liver, and some glands:

Back 68

irregular dense connective tissue

Front 69

type of connective tissue that makes up tendons & ligaments:

Back 69

regular dense connective tissue (regular, parallel alignment like strands on a cable--can pull in one direction)

Front 70

type of connective tissue found in vocal cords, respiratory passageways, & walls of blood vessels

Back 70

elastic connective tissue (stretches & returns to original length)

Front 71

Name the 3 types of cartilage:

Back 71

hyaline (gristle-ends of long bones, tip of nose, larynx;
fibrocartilage (between vertebra, knee, between hip bones;
elastic (outer ear)

Front 72

type of tissue that composes bone:

Back 72

osseous tissue

Front 73

Name the 3 types of muscle tissue:

Back 73

skeletal muscle;
smooth muscle;
cardiac muscle

Front 74

Which muscle is voluntary:

Back 74

skeletal muscle

Front 75

Which muscle is involuntary:

Back 75

smooth muscle

Front 76

technical name of specialized membranes between cells of cardiac muscle

Back 76

intercalated disks

Front 77

Name 3 types of (passive) movement of cells across a plasma membrane that do not require cellular energy:

Back 77

diffusion;
filtration;
facillitated diffusion;
osmosis

Front 78

movement of particles from a region of relatively higher concentration to one of lower concentration

Back 78

diffusion

Front 79

special type of diffusion that applies specifically to water

Back 79

osmosis

Front 80

in osmosis, what does the term "solute" refer to?

Back 80

the particles suspended in the water

Front 81

in osmosis, what does the term "solvent" refer to?

Back 81

the water

Front 82

in osmosis, which way will the water move?

Back 82

from an area of lower concentration of solute to one of greater concentration of solute. The greater concentration will draw water in

Front 83

type of bond in which the atoms between 2 molecules are shared:

Back 83

covalent

Front 84

in nervous tissue, the type of fiber that carries the messages in the form of nerve impulses TO the nerve cell body:

Back 84

dendrite

Front 85

the type of fiber that carries nerve imulses away from the nerve cell body:

Back 85

axon

Front 86

"insulation" of an axon

Back 86

myelin

Front 87

which nerve fibers are myelinated?

Back 87

some, but not all, axons.
neither dendrites nor cell bodys are covered with myelin.

Front 88

Why is the brain referred to as "gray matter"?

Back 88

nerve cell fibers and bodies NOT covered with myelin appear gray, and there are large groups of unmyelinated nerve cells in the brain, so it is referred to as gray matter (even though it is really white)

Front 89

What is the role of neuroglia?

Back 89

protection--they do not transmit nerve impulses

Front 90

another name for 'neuroglia':

Back 90

glial cells

Front 91

word derived from the Greek word meaning "glue"

Back 91

glial;
from the Greek word 'glia'

Front 92

the basic unit of the nervous system:

Back 92

neuron

Front 93

function of the neuron:

Back 93

carries nerve impulses

Front 94

the nonconducting support cells of the nervous system:

Back 94

neuroglia or glial cells

Front 95

Name the 3 types of epithelial membranes:

Back 95

serous membranes;
mucous membranes;
cutaneous membranes

Front 96

membranes that lines the tubes and other spaces that open to the outside of the body

Back 96

mucous membranes

Front 97

membranes that line the walls of body cavities and are folded back onto the surface of internal organs, forming their outermost layer:

Back 97

serous membranes

Front 98

the thin epithelium of serous membranes that is smooth and glistening:

Back 98

mesothelium

Front 99

Name the 3 serous membranes:

Back 99

the pleurae (or pleuras);
the serous pericardium;
& the peritoneum

Front 100

Inner layer of a serous membrane:

Back 100

visceral layer

Front 101

outer layer of a serous membrane:

Back 101

parietal (meaning wall--attaches the organ to the wall of the cavity in which it is found.

Front 102

internal organs are collectively known as:

Back 102

viscera

Front 103

the area between the parietal layer and the visceral layer:

Back 103

the potential space;
there actually isn't a space here unless inflammation & fluid buildup occur (that's why it is called 'potential'

Front 104

the term that refers to the mucous membrane of an organ:

Back 104

mucosa

Front 105

Name the specific connective tissue membrane:
that line the joint cavities & ends of long bones, and secrete lubricating fluid that reduces the friction

Back 105

synovial membranes

Front 106

Name the specific connective tissue membrane:
membranous layers covering the brain and spinal cord

Back 106

meninges

Front 107

Name the specific connective tissue membrane:
continuous sheet of tissue that supports organs and holds them in place

Back 107

superficial fascia

Front 108

Name the specific connective tissue membrane:
that covers, separates, and protects skeletal muscle

Back 108

deep fascia

Front 109

Name the specific connective tissue membrane:
forms the cavity around the heart

Back 109

fibrous pericardium

Front 110

Name the specific connective tissue membrane:
the membrane around bone

Back 110

periosteum

Front 111

superficial fascia is also known as:

Back 111

subcutaneous fascia (because it is located just beneath the skin)

Front 112

Name the specific connective tissue membrane:
membrane around cartilage

Back 112

perichondrium

Front 113

Name 2 connective tissue diseases:

Back 113

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
&
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Front 114

type of tissue where cells are separated by large amounts of acellular material called matrix

Back 114

connective tissue

Front 115

the outer layer of the brain

Back 115

gray matter

Front 116

a type of connective tissue made up largely of interlacing fibers.

Back 116

areolar tissue

Front 117

another name for areolar tissue:

Back 117

Called also cribriform tissue and loose connective tissue

Front 118

What are the mucus-producing cells called?

Back 118

Goblet cells

Front 119

Gas exchange occurs

Back 119

in the respiratory zone—the alveolar ducts and alveoli.

Front 120

how many lobs does each side of lung has

Back 120

The right lung contains three lobes, the left lung only two.

Front 121

Which pleural layer touches the lungs?

Back 121

Visceral pleura

Front 122

define the process of respiration

Back 122

Ventilation of lungs
Exchange of gases
Transport of gases in blood

Front 123

Pulmonary Ventilation

Back 123

Inhalation (inspiration) is active phase
Compliance
Exhalation (expiration) is passive phase
Lung capacity

Front 124

External exchange of Gas occur

Back 124

between the alveoli and the blood. Oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out, based on concentrations of the two gases in the alveoli and in the blood.

Front 125

Internal exchange of occur

Back 125

between the blood and the cells. Oxygen diffuses out of the blood and into tissues, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the blood.

Front 126

Normal lungs can be stretched easily. Compliance of the chest wall can be affected by severe obesity or some arthritic conditions of the spine.
Lung elastance is due mainly to the quantity of elastic fibers in the pulmonary interstitium, which are stretched during inspiration and passively recoil during expiration.
Clinically, more compliant lungs are often less elastic, while scarred lungs are more elastic, but less compliant.

Back 126

Other physical factors affecting respiration include the amount of surfactant and bronchospasm.

Front 127

ease with which the lungs can be distended to accommodate increased volume

Back 127

Compliance

Front 128

ability of the lungs to return to their original dimension at the transition point

Back 128

Elastance:

Front 129

: When is intrapulmonary pressure greater than atmospheric pressure – during inhalation or exhalation?

Back 129

Exhalation

Front 130

Functional residual capacity of average young adult is

Back 130

about 2400 m.

Front 131

Total lung capacity in healthy adults is

Back 131

about 5-6L.

Front 132

what is Functional residual capacity:

Back 132

volume of air in lungs at the transition point

Front 133

what is Vital capacity:

Back 133

total amount of air that can be moved in one breath with maximum inhalation and exhalation

Front 134

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Back 134

Located in neck and aortic arch
Respond to oxygen level considerably below normal

Front 135

what is Tidal volume:

Back 135

Tidal volume: amount of air moved in and out during quiet breathing

Front 136

Capacity:

Back 136

a combination of two or more volumes

Front 137

what is Vital capacity:

Back 137

total amount of air that can be moved in one breath with maximum inhalation and exhalation

Front 138

Central chemoreceptors

Back 138

Located near medullary respiratory center
Respond to raised CO2 level (hypercapnia)

Front 139

Hyperventilation

Back 139

High oxygen level and low CO2 level (hypocapnia)
Increases blood pH

Front 140

Hypoventilation

Back 140

Insufficient air in alveoli
Decreases blood pH