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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
how does water change state
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involves the absorption of heat or relase of heat
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evaporation melting and sublimation
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absrbs energy
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condensation freezing deposition
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releases energy
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water vapor and liquid exist
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below 0 degrees
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humidity
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measure of water vapor present in an air mass
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3 ways humidity is measured
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absolute humidity maximum humidty relative humidity |
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absolute humidity
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actual amount of water in air
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maximum humidity
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max amount of water vapor an air parcel will hold
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relative humidity
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amount of water in air compared maximum it will hold
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higher the relative humidity
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closer the air is to being saturated |
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saturation
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air is considered saturated when AH =MH
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Dew Point
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temp at which an air mass would become saturated
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what happens when air is cooled to its dew point
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condensation = evaporation
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what happens when air is cooled beyond Dew point
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condensation exceeds evaporation |
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condensation
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chaning of water from gas to liquid
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how does rain form
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water vapor condenses on surface of dust
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adiabatic cooling / warming |
occurs in air parcel wthout the interchange of heat with its surroundings
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causes for uplift
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orographic frontal convergence convection |
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oographic lift
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air forced up by land form
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frontal lift
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warm airmass slides over a cooler air mass
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convergence
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air masses move in and foce each other p
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convection
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solar radiation warms air at surface
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Environmental Lapse Rate ELR |
rate of cooling of the atmosphere
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dryadibatc lapse rate DAR
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rate of cooling unsaturated air 10/1000 |
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wet adiabatic lape rate WAR
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6/1000
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absolutely stable
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ELR < WAR
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absolutely unstable
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ELR > DAR
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conditionally unstable
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DAR> ELR> WAR
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convective lifting
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air at suface is warmed by insolaton
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orgraphi lifting
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air cools a it is forced up -at DAR until saturated -At WAR until summit is reahed |
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hoar frost
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caused by slow ice deposition feathery appearance |
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rime
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hard icy coating caused by supercooled cloud drops
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radiation fog
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air cools in place
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advection fog
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air cools as it moves horizontally
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evaporation fog
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air cools as it moves verticaly -steam fog appears when newly saturated air rises and cools to AT |
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radiation fog
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cools near earth surface -air cools over night and descends |
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tule fog
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san Joaquin valley -very thick winter phenomenon |
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ice fog
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ice stays suspended in air extremely cold conditions below -30 |
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cumulonimbus
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base level cloud |
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stratus
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low level fog is a stratus cloud |
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nimbostratus |
thick stratus clouds with precipitation usually steady rain or snow |
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sratocumulus
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patchy or linear made up of large cumulus clouds -middle height |
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altocumulus
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mass of small medium cumulus witih higher base -middle height |
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cirrocumulus
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massof tiny cumulus associated with fair weather high level height |
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cirrus
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wispy blown by high wind cold or warm front approaching |
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cirrostratus
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thin sheetlike ice crystals ause alo around sun r mon
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cumulonimbus
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main storm cloud very high tops ( at tropopause) anvil top : blown by winds |
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mammatus |
bulges under anvil clounds indicating down drafts of cooler air
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shelf cloud
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associated with gust front ahead of storm
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roll cloud
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like shelf cloud but detached from bse of cumulonmbus
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lenticular
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dry/moist layers of air forced up by land form
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kelvi Helmholtz loud |
fast ai above pulls clous ahead like waves
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undulates asperatus
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newest cloud category
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human induced clouds
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cumulus created by convectio over power plant forest fire or volcano.
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drizzle diameter
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< .5
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virga
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water droplets exaporate before reaching ground
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petrichor
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smell of ran reease of chemical from dry ground after drops fall
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sleet
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tiny ice pellets -rain freezes before hitting the ground |
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freezing rain
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liquid precipitation freezes upon hitting the ground
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hail
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ice pellet yclethrough above and below freezing level gaining in size each cycle it goes through -strong up draft = big hail |
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graupel
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soft hail : -super cooled water freezes on falling snow flake |
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acid rain
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unusually high concentration of nitric or sulfuric acid |
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acid fog
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suspension of acid water drops -leads to respiratory diseases |
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how much has acid rain decreased
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30%
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how much of earth is covered in water
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70.8%
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ocean largest
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pacific
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ocean smalles
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artic
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hydrologic cycle
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constant circulation of water through atmosphere and earth
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tides
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reslt of gravitation pull of moon and sun
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el nino
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warmer in US winter air flows away south America to Indonesia I -----> SA |
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la nino
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colder in US air flos from Indonesia to south America
I <----- SA |