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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Block grants
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federal grants that allow states considerable leeway or discretion in how the funds should be spent
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Categorical grants
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congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by law
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Commerce clause
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Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which delegates to Congress the power “to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States and with the Indian Tribes.” The Supreme Court interpreted this clause in favor of national power over the economy
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Concurrent powers
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powers exercised by both the federal and the state governments
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Cooperative federalism
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federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities to pursue nationally defined goals, with national and state governments sharing powers and resources via intergovernmental cooperation
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Devolution
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a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as from the national government to the state and local governments
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Dual federalism
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the system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937, in which most fundamental governmental powers were shared between the federal and state government
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Expressed powers
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specific powers granted to Congress in the Constitution
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Federalism
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a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between the central (national) government and regional (state) governments
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Full faith and credit clause
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provision from Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state
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General revenue sharing
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the process by which one unit of government yields a portion of its tax income to another unit of government, according to an established formula. Revenue sharing typically involves the national government providing money to state governments
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Grants-in-aid
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programs through which Congress provides money to state and local governments on the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government
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Home rule
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power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs
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Implied powers
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powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution. Such powers are not specifically expressed, but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers
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Necessary and proper clause
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provision from Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution providing Congress with the authority to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out its expressed powers
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New Federalism
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policy of Presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants
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Police power
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power reserved to the government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens
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Preemption
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the principle that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas
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Privileges and immunities clause
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provision from Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution that citizens of one state should be entitled to similar treatment in other states
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Reserved powers
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the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, which aims to reserve powers to the states
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States’ rights
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the principle that the states should oppose the increasing authority of the national government. This principle was most popular in the period before the Civil War
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Unfunded mandates
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regulations or conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state and local governments for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government
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Unitary system
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a governing system that gives most power to the federal or national government
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