• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/427

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

427 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are colloids?

very small, finely divided solids that remain dispersed in a liquid for a long time due to their small size and electrical charge.

What is a simulate?

To Reproduce the action of some process, usually on a smaller scale.

What is a Representative Sample?

sample portion of material or water that is as nearly identical in content and consistency as possible to that in the larger body of material of water being sampled.

What is a Reagent?

Pure chemical substance that is used to make new products or is used in chemical test to measure, detect or examine other substances.

What is Reduction?

Reduction is the addition of hydrogen, removal of oxygen, or the addition of electrons to and element or compound.

What is the formula for pH?

pH=Log 1/[H+]

What is nonionic?

A polymer that has no net electrical charge.

What is Phytoplankton?

small, usually microscopic plants (such as algae), found in lakes and reservoirs.

What is Precipitate?

separation from solution of an insoluble substance.

what is a profile?

Drawing showing elevation plotted against distance, such as the vertical section or SIDE view of a pipeline.

What is continuous sample?

flow of water from a particular place in a plant to the location where samples are collected for testing.

What is Thermal Stratification?

formation of layers of different temperatures in a lake or reservoir.

What is Septic?

Condition produced by bacteria when all oxygen supplies are depleted.

What is Laundering Weir?

Sedimentation basin Overflow weir

What are Coagulants?

Chemicals that cause very fine particles to clump together into larger particles

What is floc?

Clumps of bacteria and particulate impurities that have come together and formed a cluster

What is Flocculation?

Gathering together of fine particles after coagulation to form larger particles by a process of gentle mixing.

What is Thermocline?

Middle layer in a thermally stratified lake or reservoir.

What is a Secchi Disc?

Flat, white disc lowered into the water by a rope until it is just barely visible.

What is a Turbidimeter?

Instrument for measuring and comparing the turbidity of liquids by passing light through them.

What is Coagulation?

Clumping together of very fine particles into larger particles (floc) caused by the use of chemicals (coagulants)

What is Influent?

Water or other liquid flowing into a reservoir, basin, treatment process or treatment plant.


What is Oxidation?

Oxidation is the addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen, or the removal of electrons from an element or compound.

What is Reaeration?

Introduction of air through forced air diffusers into the lower layers of the reservoir.

What is a Particulate?

Very small solid suspended in water which can vary widely in size, shape, density and electrical charge.

What is particle count?

Results of a microscopic examination of treated water with a special particle counter which classifies suspended particles by number and size.

What is Reagent?

Pure chemical substance that is used to make new products of is used in chemical test to measure, detect, or examine other substances.

What is Precursor, THM?

Natural organic compounds found in all surface and groundwaters.

What is Total Organic Carbon (TOC)?

TOC measures the amount of organic carbon in water.

What is Polyelectrolyte?

High-Molecular-Weight substances having points of positive or negative electrical charges that is formed by either natural or man made processes.

What is Polyanionic?

Characterized by man active negative charges especially active on the surface of particles.

What is a PCU (platinum cobalt units)?

A measure of color using platinum cobalt standards by visual comparison.

What is Catonic Polymer?

Polymer having positively charged groups of ions.

What is Color?

Substances in water that impact a yellowish-brown color to the water.

What is Composite Sample?

Is a collection of individual samples obtained at regular intervals, usually every one or two hours during 24-hour timespan.

What is Disinfection By-Product (DBP)?

Contaminant formed by the reaction of disinfection chemicals with other substances in the water being disinfected.

What is Diversion?

Use of a part of a stream flow as a water supply.

What is a buffer?

Solution or liquid whose chemical makeup neutralizes acids or bases without a great change in pH.

What is Batch Process?

Treatment process in which a tank or reactor is filled, the water is treated or a chemical solution is prepared and the tank is emptied.

What is Apparent Color?

Color of the water that includes not only the color due to substances in the water but suspended matter as well.

What is Anionic Polymer?

Polymer having negatively charged group of ions.

What is Alkalinity?

Capacity of water to neutralize acids.

What is Threshold Odor Number (TON)?

Greatest dilution of a sample with odor-free waste that still yields a just detectable odor.

What is Threshold Odor?

Minimum odor of a water sample that can just be detected after successive dilutions with odorless water.

What is Sewage?

Used household water and water-carried solids that flow in sewers to a wastewater treatment plant.

What is sequestration?

Chemical complexing of metallic cations with certain inorganic compounds, such as phosphate.

What is NOM (Natural Organic Matter)?

Humic substances composed of humid and fulvic acids that come from decayed vegetation.

What is Monomer?

A molecule of low molecular weight capable of reacting with identical or different monomers to form polymers.

What is the Jar Test?

Lab procedure that simulates a water treatment plant's coagulation/flocculation units with differing chemical doses and also energy of rapid mix energy of slow mix and settling time.

What is Head Loss?

Water flowing in a pipe loses head, pressure or energy as a result of friction losses.

What is Grab Sample?

Single sample of water collected at a particular time and place which represents the composition of the water only at that time and place.

What is Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP)?

The electrical potential required to transfer electrons from one compound or element to another compound or element.

What is Periphyton?

Microscopic plants and animals that are firmly attached to solid surfaces such as rocks and logs.

What is True Color?`

Color of the water from which turbidity had been removed.

What is Turbidity?

Cloudy appearances of water caused by the presence of suspended and colloidal matter.

What is a Weir?

Wall or plate used to measure and control the flow of water.

What is Effluent?

Water or other liquid flowing from a reservoir, basin or treatment plant.

What is Dewater?

To remove or separate a portion of the water present in a sludge or slurry.

What is a clarifier?

Large circular or rectangular tank or bassin in which water is held for a period of time during which the heavier suspended solids settle to the bottom.

What is adsorption?

Gathering of a Gas, Liquid, or dissolved substance on the surface.

What is Absorption?

Taking in or soaking up of one substance into the body of another by molecular or chemical action.

What is Wet Chemistry?

Lab procedures used to analyze a sample of water using liquid chemical solutions instead of, or in addition to, lab instruments.

What is Acid Rain?

Precipitation which has been made acidic by airborne pollutants.

What is Zone Of Aeration?

The Comparatively dry soil or rock located between the ground surface and top of the water table.

What is Yield?

Quantity of water that can be collected for a given use from surface or ground water sources.

What is Detention Time?

Theoretical (calculated) time required for a small amount of water to pass through a tank at a given rate of flow.

What is the Detention time Equation?

Hr=(Basin volume,gal) (24hr/day) / Flow, Gal/Day

What happens during Clear Well?

Provides chlorine contact time for disinfection. Stores water for high demand.

What is Water Cycle?

Process of evaporation of water into the air and return to earth by precipitation (rain/snow)

What is Waste Water?

Community's used water and water carried solids that flow to a treatment plant.

What is Turbidity Units (TU)?

TU are a measure of cloudiness of water.

What is Turbidity?

The cloudy appearance of water caused by the presence of suspended and colloidal matter.

What is Thihalomethanes?

Derivatives of methanes, CH4, in which 3 halogen atoms are substituted for three of the hydrogen atoms.

What is Transpiration?

Process which water vapor is released to the atmosphere by living plants.

What is Topography?

Arrangement of hills and valleys in a geographic area.

What is Stratification?

Formation of separate layers in a lake or reservoir?

What is Short-Circuiting?

Condition that occurs in tanks or basins when some of the flowing water entering a tank or basin flows a nearly direct pathway from inlet to outlet.

What is Sanitary Survey?

Inspection of a source of water supply and all storage facilities to ensure protection of water supply from all pollution sources.

What is Safe Yield?

Annual quantity of water that can be taken from a source of supply over years without depleting the source permanently.

What is Safe Water?

Water that does not contain harmful bacteria, or toxic materials or chemicals.

What is Safe Drinking Water Act?

- Passed by Congress in 1974


-Establishes cooperative program among local, state and federal agencies to ensure safe drinking water for consumers.

What is Riparian?

The right to put to beneficial use surface water adjacent to your land.

What is RAW Water?

Water entering the first treatment process.

What is Prescriptive?

Water rights which are required by diverting water and putting it into use IAW specified procedures.

What is Precipitation?

Rain, snow, hail or other forms of moisture.

What is Potable Water?

Water considered satisfactory for drinking

What is Pollution?

Impairment of water quality by wastes.

What is Percolation?

Slow passage of water through a filter medium.

What is Pathogenic Organisms?

Organisms which do NOT cause disease which are called non-Pathogenic.

What is Palatable?

-Water at a desirable Temperature


-Free from objectionable taste, odor, colors and turbidity.

What happens during chemicals (post filtration)?

controls corrosion

What happens during Postchlorination?

-Kills disease-causing organisms.


-Provides chlorine residual for distribution system.

What happens during Filtration?

Filters out larger suspended particles.

What happens during Sedimentation?

Settles out larger suspended particles.

What happens during Coagulation-Flocculation?

Gathers together fine, light particles to form larger particles (floc) to aid the sedimentation and filtration processes.

What happens during Flash Mix?

Mixes chemicals with raw water containing fine particles that will not readily settle or filter out the water.

Describe what happens in Chemicals(Coagulants)?

Cause very fine particles to clump together into larger particles.

What happens in Prechlorination?

(Optional) Kills most disease-causing organisms and helps control taste-and odor-causing substances.

Describe what happens in Screens?

Removes leaves, sticks, fish, and other large debris?

What is Zone of Saturation?

Soil or rock located below the top of the ground water table?

What is Volumetric?

Measurement based on the volume of some factor.

What is Volatile Solids?

Those solids in water or other liquids that are lost on ignition of dry solids at 550 Degrees Celsius

What is Volatile Matter?

Matter in water, wastewater, or other liquids that is lost on ignition of dry solids at 550 Degrees Celsius

What is Volatile Liquids?

Liquids which easily Vaporize or evaporate at room temperature.

What is Volatile Acids?

Fatty acids produced during digestion which are soluble in water can be stream-distilled at atmospheric pressure.

What is Volatile?

Is one that is capable of being evaporated or changed to a vapor at relatively low temperature

What is Titrate?

To titrate a sample, a chemical solution of known strength is added drop by drop until a certain odor change, precipitate or pH change in the sample is observed.

What is Surfactant?

Active agent in detergents that possesses a high cleaning ability.

What is Sterilization?

Removal or Destruction of all micro organisms, including pathogenic and other bacteria.

What is Standardize?

In wet chemistry; to find out the exact strength of a solution by comparing it with a standard of known strength.

What is standard solution?

Solution in which the exact concentration of a chemical or compound is known.

What is a solution?

Liquid mixture of dissolved substances.

What is a Reagent?

Pure chemical substance that is used to make new products or is used in chemical test to measure, detect, or examine other substances.

What is Precipitate?

Separation from solution of an insoluble substance.


What is the formula for Percent Saturation?

Percent saturation%=amount of substance that is dissolved * 100% / Amount dissolved in solution at saturation.

What is Percent Saturation?

Amount of a substance that is dissolved in a solution compared with the amount dissolved in the solution at saturation, expressed as a precent.

What is Pathogens?

Pathogenic or disease-causeing organisms.

What is Oxidation?

Is the addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen, or the removal of elections from an element or compound.

What is an organism?

Any form of animal or plant life.

What is Non-Potable?

Water that may contain objectionable pollution/contamination unsafe to drink.

What is Micro Organisms?

Living organisms only seen with aid of a microscope.

What is Infiltration?

Seepage of groundwater into a sewage system, including service connections. (defective pipes/cracks)

What is Impermeable?

Not easily penetrated.

What is the Hydrologic Cycle?

Process of evaporation of water into the air and its return to earth by precipitation (rain or snow)

What is a Geological Log?

Detailed description of all underground features discovered during the drill of a well (depth, thickness, types of formations)

What is Evapotranspiration?

Process which water vapor passes into the atmosphere from living plants

What is evaporation?

Process when water/liquid becomes a gas

What is Epidemiology?

-Branch of medicine which studies epidemics


-to determine factors that cause epidemic diseases and how to prevent them.

What is Drawdown?

The drop in the water level of a tank or reservoir

What is Nephelometric?

Means of measuring turbidity in a sample by using an instrument called a nephelometer.

What is N or Normal?

A normal solution contains one gram equivelant weight of reactant per liter of solution.

What is a molecule?

Smallest division of a compound that still retains or exhibits all of the properties of a substance.

What is a Mole?

Molecular weight of a substance usually expressed in grams.

What is Meniscus?

Curved surface of a column of liquid in a small tube.

What is MPN?

"Most Probable Number" Of the coliform-group organisms per unit volume of sample water.

What is M or Molar?

Molar solution consist of one gram molecular weight of a compound dissolved in enough water to make on liter of solution.

What is Indicator?

Substance that gives a visible change, usually of color, at a desired point in a chemical reaction, generally at a specified end point.

What is plug flow?

Type of flow that occurs in tanks, basins or reactors when a slug of water moves through a tank without ever dispersing or mixing with the rest of the water flowing through the tank.

What is the formula for the overflow rate?

Overflow rate, GPD/sq ft= flow, gallons, day/surface area, sq ft.

What is Direct Runoff?

Water that flows over the ground surface or through the ground directly into streams, rivers, or lakes.

What is Cross Connection?

A connection between a drinking (potable) water system and an unapproved water supply.

What is Contamination?

Introduction into water of micro organisms, chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, or waste water in a concentration that makes the water unfit for its next intended use.

What is overflow rate?

To determine if tanks and clarifiers are hydraulically over or underloaded.

What is Nonpoint source?

A runoff or discharge from a field or similar source.

What is Capillary Fringe?

The pours material just above the water table which may hold water by capillarity in the smaller void spaces.

What is and Artesian?

A well, or underground basin where the water is under a pressure greater than atmospheric and will rise above the level of its upper confining surface.

What is Appropriative?

Water rights of a water supply which is acquired for the beneficial use of water by following a specific legal procedure.

What is Launders?

Sedimentation basin and filter discharge channels consisting of overflow weir plates and conveying troughs.

What is Reduction?

Is the addition of hydrogen, removal of oxygen, or the addition of electrons to an element or compound.

What is Nephelometric?

Means of measuring turbidity in a sample by using an instrument called a nephelometer.

What is Micro Organisms?

Living organisms that can be seen individually only with the aid of a microscope.

What is Microbial Growth?

Activity and growth of micro organisms, such as bacteria, algae, diatoms, plankton and fungi.

What is metabolism?

Biochemical processes in which food is used and wastes are formed by living organisms.

What is Kjeldahl Nitrogen?

Nitrogen in the form of organic proteins or their decomposition product ammonia.

What is interface?

Common boundary layer between two substances such as water and a solid.

What is Imhoff cone?

Used to measure the volume of settleable solids in a specific volume of water.

What is Reducing agent?

Any substance, such as base metal or the sulfide ion, that will readily donate electrons.

What is Polarization?

The concentration of ions in the thin boundary layer adjacent to a membrane or pipe wall.

What is Hydrophobic?

Having a strong aversion for water.

What is Hydrophilic?

Having a strong affinity for water.

What is Fungi?

Mushrooms, molds, mildews, rust, and smuts that are small non chlorophyll bearing plants lacking roots, stems and leaves.

What is Flagellates?

Mircro organisms that move by the action of tail like projections.

What is Eutrophication?

Increase in the nutrient levels of a lake or other body water.

What is Enzymes?

Organic substances which cause or speed up chemical reactions.

What is Diatoms?

Unicellular, microscopic algae with a rigid internal structure consisting mainly of silica.

What is Degasification?

Water treatment process which removes dissolved gases from the water.

What is Decomposition, Decay?

Conversion of chemically unstable materials to more stable forms by chemical or biological action.

What is Dechlormation?

Deliberate removal of chlorine from water?

What is the Treatment Process?

Raw water > screens > Prechlorination(optional) > Chemicals (Coagulants) > Flash Mix > Coagulation > flocculation > sedimentation > filtration > post clorination > chemicals > clear well > finished water

What is Decant Water?

Water that has separated from sludge and is removed from the layer of water above the sludge.

What is Chloroganic?

Organic compounds combined with chlorine.

What is Chloropenolic?

Chlorophenolic compounds are phenolic compounds combined with chlorine.

What is Carcinogen

Any substance which tends to produce cancer in an organisms.

What is Biological Growth?

Activity and growth of any and all living organisms.

What is Bacteria?

Bacteria are living organisms, microscopic in size, which usually consist of a single cell.

What is Algae?

Microscopic plants which contain chlorophyll and live floating or suspended in water.

What is the formula for pH?

pH = Log 1/[H+]

What is pH?

pH is an expression of the intensity of the basic or acidic condition of a liquid.

What is oxidizing agent?

Any substance, such as oxygen or chlorine that will readily add electrons.

What is oxidation?

Is the addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen, or removal of electrons from an element or compounds.

What is a Ohm?

The unit of electrical resistance.

What does NPDES mean?

National pollutant discharge elimination system.

What is a Molecule?

Smallest division of a compound that still retains or exhibits all the properties of the substance.

What is a mechanical joint?

A flexible device that joins pipes or fittings together by the use of lugs and bolts.

What is a Logarithm?

The exponent that indicates the power to which a number must be raised to produce a given number.

What is the Langelier index?

An Index reflecting the equilibrium pH of a water with respect to calcium and alkalinity.

What is an ion?

An electronically charged atom.

What is interface?

The common boundary layer between two substances such as water and a solid.

What is Air Stripping?

Treatments process used to remove dissolved gases and volatile substances from water.

What is Aerobic?

Condition in which atmospheric or dissolved molecular oxygen is present in the aquatic environment.

Wat is Aeration?

Process of adding air to water.

What is Adsorbent?

Material that is responsible for removing the undesirable substance in the adsorption process.

What is hydrolysis?

A chemical reaction in which a compound is converted into another compound by taking up water.

What is Galvanic series?

A list of metals and alloys presented in the order of their tendency to corrode.

What is Galvanic Cell?

An electrolytic cell capable of producing electric energy by electrochemical action.

What is and element?

A substance which cannot be separated into its constituent parts and still retain its chemical identity?

What is an Electron?

A very small, negatively charged particle which is practically weightless

What is Electromotive Series?

A list of metals and alloys presented in the order of their tendency to corrode

What is Electromotive force?

The electrical pressure available to cause a flow of current when an electric circuit is closed.

What is an Electrolytic Cell?

A device in which the chemical decomposition of material causes an electric current to flow.

What is Adsorbate?

Material being removed by the absorption process.

What is Absorption?

Taking in or soaking up of one substance into the body of another by molecular or chemical action.

What is Voltage?

The electrical pressure available to cause a flow of current when an electric current is closed

What is Tuberculation?

Development or formation of small mounds of corrosion products on the inside of iron pipe

What is tubercle?

A protective crust of corrosion products which builds up over a pit caused by the loss of metal due to corrosion.

What is Stray Current Corrosion?

A corrosion activity resulting from stray electric current originating from some source outside the plumbing system such as DC grounding on phone systems.

What is an Electrolyte?

A substance which separates into two or more ions when it is dissolved in water.

What is Electrolysis?

Decomposition of material by an outside electric current.

What is a Slurry?

A watery mixture or suspension of insoluble matter.

What is a Slake?

To mix with water so that a true chemical combination takes place, such as in the slaking of lime.

What is Salinity?

The Relative concentration of dissolved salts, usually sodium chloride, in a given water.

What is Electrochemical Series?

List of metals with the standard electrode potentials given in volts.

What is Electrochemical Reaction?

Chemical changes produced by electricity or the production of electricity by chemical changes.

What is Dielectric?

Does not conduct an electric current.

What is Depolarization?

Removal or depletion of ions in the thin boundary layer adjacent to a membrane or pipe wall.

What is Sacrificial Anode?

An easily corroded material deliberately installed in a pipe or tank.

What is Current?

Movement or flow of electricity.

What is a Coupon?

Steel specimen inserted into water to measure the corrosiveness of water.

What is Corrosively?

An indication of the corrosiveness of a water.

What is Corrosive gases?

In water, dissolved oxygen reacts readily with metals at the anode of corrosion cell, accelerating the rate of corrosion until a film of oxidation products such as rust forms.

What is Corrosion Inhibitors?

Substances that slow the rate of corrosion

What is Corrosion?

Gradual decomposition of destruction of a material chemical action often due to an electrochemical reaction.

What is a compound?

Pure substance compound of two or more elements whose composition is constant

What is Overturn?

The almost spontaneous mixing of all layers of water in a reservoir or lake when the water temperature becomes similar from top to bottom.

What is Oligotrophic?

Reservoirs and lakes which are nutrient poor and contain little aquatic plant or animal life.

What is Nutrient?

Any substance that is assimilated by organisms and promote growth.

What is Monomictic?

Lakes and reservoirs which are relatively deep, do not freeze over in winter months and undergo a single stratification and mixing cycle during the year

What is Methyl Orange Alkalinity?

Measure of the total alkalinity in a water sample

What is Metalimnion?

Middle layer in a thermally stratified lake or reservoir.

What is Mesotrophic?

Reservoirs and lakes which contain moderate quantities of nutrients and are moderately productive in terms of aquatic animal and plant life.

What is the Littoral Zone?

Strip of land along the shoreline between high and low water levels.

What is Inorganic?

Inorganic substances are of mineral origin.

What is the Hypolimnion?

Lowest layer in a thermally stratified lake or reservoir.

What is Head?

Vertical distance (in feet) equal to the pressure (in PSI) at a specific point.

What is Flushing?

Method to clean water distribution lines.

What is Evapotranspiration?

Process which water passes into the atmosphere from living plants.

What is Eutrophication?

Increase in the nutrient levels of a lake or other body of water.

What is Eutrophic?

Reservoirs and lakes which are rich in nutrients and very productive in terms of aquatic animal and plant life.

What is Epilimnion?

Upper layer of water in a thermally stratified lake or reservoir.

What is an Electrolyte?

A substance which dissolves into 2 or more ions when it is dissolved in water.

What is Destratification?

Development of vertical mixing within a lake or reservoir to eliminate separate layers of temperature, plant or animal life.

What is Diatoms?

Unicellular, microscopic algae with a rigid internal structure consisting mainly of silica.

What is Dimictic?

Lakes and reservoirs which freeze over and normally go through two stratification and two mixing cycles within a year.

What is Direct Filtration?

Method of treating water which consist of the addition of coagulant chemicals, flash mixing, coagulation, minimal flocculation and filtration. *sedimentation process omitted*

What is Density?

A measure of how heavy a substance (solid, liquid or gas) is for it size.

What is Decomposition, Decay?

Conversion of chemically unstable materials to more stable forms by chemical or biological action.

What is Conductivity?

Measure of the ability of a solution (water) to carry an electric current

What is Complete Treatment?

Method of treating water which consist of the addition of coagulant chemicals, flash mixing, coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation and filtration

What is Colloids?

Finely divided solids (particles that do not dissolve) that remain disperse in a liquid for a long time due to small size and electrical charge.

What is Coliform?

Group of bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals plants, soil, air and water

What is Chelation?

Is used to prevent the precipitation of metals (copper)

What is Cation?

Positively charged ion in an electrolyte solution, attached to the cathode under the influence of a difference in electrical potential

What is Cathodic protection?

Electrical system prevention of rust corrosion and pitting

What is Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)?

Rate at which organisms use the oxygen in water while stabilizing decomposable organic matter under aerobic condition.

What is Anion?

Negatively charged ion in an electrolyte solution, attached to the anode under the influence of a difference in electrical potential

What is Anaerobic?

Condition which dissolved molecular oxygen is not present in aquatic environment

What is Aliphatic Hydroxy Acids?

Organic acids with carbon atoms arranged in branched or unbranded open chains rather than in rings

What is Algal Bloom?

Sudden, massive growths of microscopic and macroscopic plant life. Can develop in lakes and reservoirs.

What is Algae?

Microscopic plants which contain chlorophyll and live floating or suspended in water

What is Aerobic?

Condition in which dissolved molecular oxygen is present in aquatic environment

What is Aeration?

Process of adding air to water

What is Adsorption?

Gathering of a gas, liquid or dissolved substance on surface of another material

What is an Acre-Foot?

-Volume of water


-Covers one acre to depth of one foot


or


43,560 Cubic feet

What is Water Table?

Upper surface of the zone of saturation of groundwater in an unconfined aquifer

What is a Rotameter?

Device used to measure the flow rate of gases and liquids

What is Residual Chlorine?

Concentration of chlorine present in water after the chlorine demand has been satisfied

What is Reliquefaction?

Return of a gas to the liquid state`

What is Reduction?

Is the addition of hydrogen, removal of oxygen, or the addition of electrons to an element or compound.

What is Reducing Agent?

Only substance, such as a base metal or the sulfide ion, that will readily donate electrons

What is Reagent?

Pure chemical substance that is used to make new products or us used in chemical test to, measure, detect or examine other substances

What is Precursor, THM?

Natural organic compounds found in all surface and groundwaters

What is Prechlorination?

The addition of chlorine at the headworks of the plant prior to other treatment processes mainly for disinfection and controls of tastes, odors, and aquatic growths.

What is Postchlorination?

The addition of chlorine to the plant effluent following plant treatment, for disinfection purposes

What is Phenolic compounds?

Organic compounds that are derivatives of benzene.

What is Pathogenic Organisms?

Organisms, including bacteria, viruses or cysts, capable of causing diseases in a host

What is a Pascal?

Pressure or stress of one newton per square meter

What is Palatable?

Water at a desirable temp that is free from objectionable taste, odors, colors and turbidity

What is Oxidizing Agent?

Any substance, such as oxygen or chlorine that will be readily add electrons.

What is Oxidation?

Is the addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen, or the removal of electrons from an element or compound.

What is Orthotolidine?

Is a colorimetric indicator of chlorine residual

What is Nitrification?

An aerobic process in which bacterial reduce the ammonite and organic nitrogen in water into nitrate and nitrate.

What is Nitrogenous?

Term used to describe chemical compounds containing nitrogen in combined forms

What is a Newton?

Force which, when applied to a body having a mass of one kilogram

What is Motile?

Capable of self-propelled movement

What is MPN?

Is the Most Probable Number of coliform group organisms per unit volume of sample water

What is Injector Water?

Service water in which chlorine is added (injected) to form a chlorine solution

What is IDLH?

Immediately dangerous to life or health

What is Hypochlorite?

Chemical compounds containing available chlorine; used for disinfection

What is Hypochlorination?

Application of hypochlorite compounds to water for the purpose of disinfection.

What is Hydrolysis?

Chemical reaction in which a compound is converted into another compound by taking up water

What is Heterotrophic?

Describes organisms that use organic matter for energy and growth

What is Hepatitis?

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by an acute viral infection

What is HTH?

High test hypochlorite

What is Free Available Residual Chlorine?

Portion of the total available residual chlorine composed of dissolved chlorine gas, hypochlorous acid, and/or hypochlorited ion remaining in water after chlorination

What is Enzymes?

Organic Substances which cause or speed up chemical reactions

What is an Enteric?

Of intestinal origin, especially applied to wastes or bacteria

What is a Ejector?

A device used to disperse a chemical solution into water being treated

What is an Eductor?

A hydraulic device used to create suction by forcing a liquid through a restriction, such as a venturi

What is Dew Point?

The temperature to which air with a given quantity of water vapor must be cooled to cause condensation of the vapor in the air

What is DPD?

Method of measuring the chlorine residual in water

What is Combined Residual Chlorination?

Application of Chlorine to water to produce combined available chlorine residual

What is Combined Chlorine?

Sum of the chlorine species composed of free chlorine and ammonia

What is Combined Available Chlorine Residual?

Concentration of residual chlorine that is combined with ammonia, organic nitrogen, or both in water as a chloramine and yet is still available to oxidize organic matter and kill bacteria

What is Combined Available Chlorine?

Total chlorine, present as chloramine or other derivatives, that is present in a water and is still available for disinfection and for oxidation of organic matter

What is Colorimetric Measurement?

Means of measuring unknown chemical concentrations in water by measuring a sample's color intensity

What is Chlororganic?

Organic compounds combined with chlorine?

What is Chlorophenolic?

Chlorophenolic compounds are phenolic compounds combined with chlorine.

What is Chlorine Residual?

Concentration of chlorine present in water after the chlorine demand has been satisfied

What is Chlorine Requirement?

Amount of chlorine which is needed for a particular purpose

What is Chlorine Demand?

Chlorine demand is the difference between the amount of chlorine added to water and the amount of residual chlorine remaining after a given contact time.

What is Chlorination?

Application of chlorine to water, generally for the purpose of disinfection

What is Chloramines?

Compounds formed by the reaction of hypochlorous acid with ammonia

What is Chloramination?

Application of chlorine and ammonia to water to form chloramines for the purpose of disinfection

What is Chemtrec?

Chemical Transportation Emergency Center

What is a Carcinogen?

Any substance which tends to produce cancer in an organism

What is Buffer Capacity?

Measure of the capacity of a solution or liquid to neutralize acids or bases.

What is Breakpoint Chlorination?

Addition of chlorine to water until the chlorine demand has been satisfied

What is a Ballast?

Type of transformer that is used to limit the current to an ultraviolet (UV) lamp.

What is Amperometric Titration?

Means of measuring concentrations of certain substances in water based on the electric current that flows during a chemical reaction

What is Amperometric?

Method of measurement that records electric current flowing generated, rather than recording voltage

What is Ambient Temperature?

Temperature of the surrounding air

What is Air Padding?

Pumping dry air into a container to assist with the withdrawal of a liquid.

What is an Air Gap?

An open vertical drop, or vertical empty space, that separates a drinking water supply to be protected from another water system in a water treatment plant

What is Particle Counting?

Procedure for counting and measuring the size of individual particles in water.

What is a Particle Counter?

Device which counts and measures the size of individual particles in water

What is a Micron?

-A unit of length


-One thousands of a millimeter

What is Interface?

Common boding layer between two substances such as water and a solid (metal)

What is In-Line Filtration?

The addition of chemical coagulants directly to the filter inlet pipe. The chemicals are mixed by the flowing water. Flocculation and sedimentation facilities are eliminated. The pretreatment method is commonly used in pressure filter installations.

What is Garnet?

A group of hard, reddish, glassy mineral sands make up of silicates of base metals

What is Fluidized?

A mass of solids particles that is made to flow like a liquid by injection of water or gas is solid to have been fluidized

What is Floc?

Clumps of bacteria and particulate impurities that have come together and formed a cluster

What is Entrain?

To trap bubbles in water either mechanically through turbulence or chemically through a reaction

What is Effective Size?

The diameter of the particles in a granular sample (filter media) for which 10 percent of the total grains are smaller and 90% larger on a weight bases.

What is Direct FIltration?

Conventional filtration with the exception of sedimentation process

What is Diatoms?

Unicellular (single cell), microscopic algae with a rigid (box like) internal structure consisting mainly of silica

What is Diatomaceous?

A fine, siliceous "earth" composed mainly of the skeletal remains of diatoms

What is Conventional Filtration And Conventional Treatment?

Also called complete treatment

What is a BreakThrough?

A crack or break in a filter bed allowing the passage of floc or particulate matter through a filter

What is Base Metal?

A metal (such as iron) which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen

What is Backwashing?

Process of reversing the flow of water back through the filter media to remove the entrapped solids.

What is Air Binding?

Clogging of a filter, pipe or pump due to the presence of air released from water

What is Activated Carbon?

Adsorptive particles or granules of carbon usually obtained by heating carbon (such as wood)

What is Viscosity?

Property of water, or any other fluid, which resist efforts to change its shape or flow

What is Turbidity Units?

(TU) are a measure of the cloudiness of water

What is Tube Settler?

Device that uses bundles of small bore tubes installed on an incline as an aid to sedimintation

Formula for surface loading?

Surface loading, GPD/SQ FT=Flow,gallons,day/surface area, sq,ft

What is Surface Loading?

Same as overflow rate

What is Supernatant?

Liquid removed from settled sludge

What is a Slurry?

A water mixture or suspension of not dissolved matter

What is Short-Cirtuiting?

Condition that occurs in tanks when some of the flowing water entering a tank or basin flows along a nearly direct path way from the inlet to the outlet

What is Shock Load?

Arrival at a treatment plant of raw water containing usual amounts of algae, turbidity, color or other pollutants

What is Septic?

A condition produced by bacteria when all oxygen supplies are depleted

What is Sedimentation?

Water treatment process in which solid particles settle out of the water being treated in a large clarifier or sedimentation basin

What is Representative Sample?

Sample Portion of material or water that is nearly nearly identical in content and consistence as possible to that in the larger body of material or water being sampled

What is Precipitate?

Separation from solution of an insoluble substance

What is Point Source?

A discharge that comes out the end of a pipe

What is Gravimetric?

Means of measuring unknown concentrations of water quality indicators in a sample by weighing a precipitate or residual of the sample

What is Grab Sample?

A single sample of water collected at a particular time and place which represents the composition of the water only at that time and place

What is Flame Polished?

Melted by a flame to smooth and irregularities

What is Facultative?

Facultative bacteria can use either dissolved molecular oxygen or oxygen obtained from food materials such as sulfate or nitrate ions.

What is End Point?

Samples of water or wastewater or titrated to the end point

What is an element?

Substance which cannot be separated into consistent parts and still retain its chemical identity

What is Desiccator?

A closed container into which heated weighing or drying dishes are placed to cool in a dry environment in preparation for weighing

What is a compound?

Pure substance composed of two or more elements whose composition is constant

What is Colorimetric Measurement?

Means of measuring unknown chemical concentrations in water by measuring a samples color intensity.

What is Chloroganic?

Organic compounds combined with chlorine

What is Calcium Carbonate Equivalent?

An expression of the concentration of specified constituents in water in terms of their equivalent valve to calcium carbonate?

What is Buffer Capacity?

Measure of the capacity of a solution or liquid to neutralize acids or bases

What is a buffer?

Solution or liquid whose chemical makeup neutralizes acids or bases without a great change in pH

What is a Blank?

Battle obtaining only dilution water or distilled water: the sample being tested is not added

What is Bacteria?

Bacteria are living organisms, microscopic in size , which usually consist of a single cell

What is Aseptic?

Sterile

What is Amperometric?

Means of measuring concentrations of certain substance in water based on electric current that flows during a chemical reaction

What is Amperometric?

Method of measuring that records electric current flowing or generated, rather than recording voltage

What is Ambient Temperature?

Temperature of the surrounding air

What is Alkaline?

Condition of water or soil which contains a sufficient amount of alkali substances to raise the pH above 7.0

What is Alkali?

Any of certain soluble salts, principally of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, that have the property of combining with acids to form neutral salts and may be used in chemical water treatment processes.

What is Aliquot?

Representative portion of a sample

What is Acidic?

Condition of water or soil which contains a sufficient amount of acid substances to lower the pH below 7.0

What is Supernatant?

Liquid removed from settled sludge

What is Representative sample?

Sample portion of material or water that is nearly identical in content and consistency as possible to that in the larger by of water being sampled

What is Power Factor?

Ratio of the true power passing through an electric circuit to the product of the voltage and amperage in the cirtuit

What is Polymer?

Long chain molecule formed by the union of many monomers

What is polyelectrolyte?

High molecular weight substance having points of positive or negative electrical charges that is formed by either natural or man made processes

What is Pico curie?

measure of radioactivity

What is Pico?

Prefix used in the metric system (10 to the 12th power)

What is MSDS?

Material Safety Data Sheet. A document which provides pertinent information and a profile of a particular hazardous substance or mixture

What is a Grab Sample?

Single sample of water collated at a particular time and place which represents the composition of the water only at the time and place

What is Continuous sample?

Flow of water from a particular place in a plant to the location where samples are collected for testing

What is Composite Sample?

Is a collection of individual samples obtained at regular intervals, usually one or two hours during a 24 hour time span

What is BOD?

Biochemical Oxygen Demand


Rate at which organisms use the oxygen in water while stabilizing decomposable matter under aerobic conditions

What is Supernatant?

Liquid removed from settled sludge

What is Threshold Odor Number (TON)

Greatest dilution of a sample with odor free water that yields a just-detectable odor

What is Volatile?

Is one that is capable of being evaporated or changed to a vapor at relatively low temperatures

What is Toxic?

A substance which is poisonous to a living organism

What is Superchlorination?

Chlorination which doses that are deliberately selected to produce free or combined residuals so large as to require dechlorination

What is Slurry?

Watery mixture or suspension of insoluble matter

What is Septic?

Condition produced by bacteria when all oxygen supplies are depleted

What is respiration?

Process in which an organism uses oxygen for its life processes and gives off carbon dioxide

What is Putrefaction?

Biological decomposition of organic matter

What is Phenolic Compounds?

Organic compounds that are derivatives of benzene

What is Percolation?

Slow passage of water through a filter medium

What is Ozonation?

Application of ozone to water for disinfection or for taste and odor control

What is Olfactory Fatigue?

A condition in which persons nose after exposure to certain odors is no longer able to detect the odor

What is Cation?

Positively charged ion in an electrolyte solution, attached to the cathode under the influence of a difference in electrical potential

What is Cathode?

Negative pole or electrode of an electrolytic cell or system

What is Catalyze?

To speed up a chemical reaction

What is Catalyst?

Substance that changes the speed or yield of a chemical reaction without being consumed or chemically changed by the chemical reaction

What is Calcium Carbonate Equivalent?

Expression of the concentration of specified constituents in water in terms of their equivalent valve to calcium carbonate

What is the formula for C-Factor?

C Factor=Flow,GPM/193.75(Diameter,FT)*2.63(Slope)*0.54

What is C Factor?

A factor or value used to indicate the smoothness of interior of a pipe

What is Buffer Capacity?

Measure of the capacity of a solution or liquid to neutralize acids or bases

What is an ATOM?

Smallest unit of a chemical element

What is a Anode?

Positive pole or electrode of an electrolyte system such as a battery

What is Annular Space?

Ring-shaped spare located between two circular objects such as two pipes

What is an Anion?

Negatively charged ion in an electrolyte solution, attracted to the anode under the influence of a difference in electrical


-potential chloride ion is anon-ion

What is Anaerobic?

A condition in which atmospheric or dissolved molecular oxygen is NOT present in the aquatic environment

What is a Ampere?

Unit used to measure current strength

What is Amperage?

Strength of an electric current measured in amperes

What is Alkalinity?

Capacity of water to neutralize acids


What is Ultra Violet?

Pertaining to a band of electromagnetic radiation just beyond the visible light spectrum

What is Total Chlorine Residual?

Total amount of chlorine residual present in a water sample after a given contact time

What is Total Chlorine?

Total concentration of chlorine in water, including the combine chlorine and the free available chlorine

What is Titrate?

Is the process of adding the chemical reagent is small increments until completion of the reaction as signaled by the end point

What is Saprophytes?

Organisms livings on dead or decaying organic matter

What is Sludge?

Settleable solids separated from water during processing

What is Supernatant?

Liquid removed from settled sludge.