Water 2Ww3 Lecture 4

Front 1

How is Nitrate created?

Back 1

Lightning, Bacteria

Front 2

How is Nitrite created?

Back 2

Bacteria

Front 3

How is Ammonia created?

Back 3

By-product of decaying plant tissue

Front 4

What is the white foam created in lakes?

Back 4

Phosphorous build-up

Front 5

What is Total Dissolved Solids?

Back 5

Sum of dissolved substances and silica

Front 6

What are the four types of substances?

Back 6

1) Dissolved Substances

2) Suspended Substances

3) (In)organic Substances

4) BOD and COD

Front 7

How much suspended sediment is there usually?

Back 7

0.004 mm to 1 mm

Front 8

Where does suspended sediment come from?

Back 8

From eroded banks or outside material brough from surface water

Front 9

What are BOD and COD? Which is more dangerous?

Back 9

Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand.

How much oxygen is the water contamination going to use up?

Biochemical oxygen demand is typically more worrisome.

Front 10

What are the 3 most common harmful metals in water?

Back 10

Copper, Lead, Arsenic

Front 11

How can metals be increased in water without actually adding any extra?

Back 11

Stirring the bottom, where metal has deposited.

Front 12

Where is lead typically found? (2)

Back 12

Pipes, paint

Front 13

What is more important than contamination level when it comes to determining harm of metals?

Back 13

Duration of uptake

Front 14

Where does Arsenic in water com from? (4)

Back 14

1) Wood preservatives

2) Paints/Dyes

3) Semiconductors

4) Natural sources

Front 15

What are the effects of Arsenic in water? What can it eventually cause?

Back 15

Extreme sickness

Can potentially lead to cancer

Front 16

What is an example of a synthetic organic chemical?

Back 16

Carbon Tetrachloride

Front 17

What are Volatile Organic Chemicals?

Back 17

Lightweight chemicals dispersed through the air

Front 18

What are Nonvolatile Organic Chemicals?

Back 18

Heavier chemicals that settle in sediment

i.e. DDT

Front 19

Why was it maybe a bad idea to ban DDT?

Back 19

DDT would have prevented more deaths than it would have caused

Front 20

What is the most polluted of the great lakes? Why?

Back 20

Lake Erie, because of the lowest volume.

Front 21

What is solute load?

Back 21

The concentration of solutes in the water

Front 22

Why is it useful to know the solute load?

Back 22

Necessary to determine the thresholds, as plants and animals react to certain thresholds.

Front 23

How does solute concentration and solute load vary with mean annual runoff?

Back 23

Larger runoff causes greater solute load but lowered soluted concentration

Front 24

At what temperature is water densest?

Back 24

Around 4 degrees C

Front 25

What are the 3 levels of lake stratification?

Back 25

Epilimion

Thermocline

Hypolimnion

Front 26

What 3 ways is the chemistry of surface water controlled by?

Back 26

1) Atmospheric Inputs

2) Weathering of Bedrock

3) Climate

Front 27

What type of atmospheric inputs determine surface water chemistry?

Back 27

Oceans, volcanoes, soil

Front 28

How does weathering of bedrock control surface water chemistry?

Back 28

Different types of rocks i.e. Quartzite vs. Limestone

Front 29

How does Climate control surface water chemistry?

Back 29

Evaporation vs. Precipitation

- lots of evap. vs little precip. means high solute concentration

Front 30

What are the 4 timescales for temporal variation?

Back 30

1) Storms

2) Diurnal

3) Seasonal

4) Year-to-year trends

Front 31

What are the 3 strategies for Water Stewardship?

Back 31

1) Treat water before discharge

2) Treat water to a requirement comfortable to society

3) Adopt procedures to prevent deterioration of water quality

Front 32

What makes Water Stewardship difficult?

Back 32

Water is transboundary, so if one city makes rules while another doesn't, the care will be inconsistent and potentially inconsequential

Front 33

What is a WFD?

What does it entail?

What is the goal?

Back 33

Water Framework Directive

Expand the scope of water protection to all waters

Achieve good ecological status for water by a set date

Front 34

What percentage of the world's population relies on groundwater?

Back 34

22%

Front 35

What percentage of groundwater consumption is unsustainable?

Back 35

10%

Front 36

What percentage of global food supply is based on unsustainable groundwater practices?

Back 36

10%

Front 37

What is the height of groundwater referred to as?

Back 37

The Water Table

Front 38

What is an example of poor groundwater managment?

Back 38

The Mediterrannean Sea

- unsustainably used by Libya and Egypt

Front 39

What is an aquifier? Give an example.

Back 39

A type of rock or soil where water can flow freely through.

Limestone.

Front 40

What is an Aquitar? Give an example.

Back 40

Keeps water out, water moves extremely slowly through it.

Clay.

Front 41

What is an unconfined Aquifer?

Back 41

A natural spring out of the ground, without a impermeable layer above the groundwater

Front 42

What is a confined artesian well?

Back 42

A well where a confining layer is overtop of the aquifer, but the surface is below the level where the water table would be if it weren't for the confining layer. This causes water to come directly onto the surface.

Front 43

What is Darcy's Law?

Back 43

Describes the hydraulic gradient

Hydraulic Gradient = Delta H / Delta I

H - height of water table

I - distance between two wells at height of water table

Front 44

What approach is used to calculate a water balance?

Back 44

Thornthwaite approach.

Front 45

What are the two most widely measured climatic variables on Earth, and are used in the Thornwaite Approach?

Back 45

Temperature

Precipitation