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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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HUGUENOTS
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Tried to stop the spread of Calvinism and came from all levels of society: artisans, shopkeepers hurt by rising prices and rigid guild systems, merchants and lawyers in provincial towns whose local privileges were tenuous, and members of the nobility. Possibly 40 to 50 percent of the French nobility became Huguenots, including the house of Bourbon. The conversion of so many nobles made the Huguenots a potentially dangerous political threat to monarchial power. Though the Calvinists constituted only about 10 percent of the population, they were a strong-willed and well-organized minority.
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KING HENRY II
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(1547-1599) Killed accidentally in a tournament and was succeeded by a series of weak and neurotic sons
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CATHERINE DE MEDICI
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Wife of King Henry II, mother, and dominator of his sons. Moderate Catholic and looked to religious compromise as a way to defuse the political tensions but found to her consternation that both sides possessed their share of religious fanatics unwilling to makes concessions.
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THE GUISE FAMILY
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Led the extreme Catholic party, also known as the ultra-Catholics and favored strict opposition to the Huguenots. Possessing the loyalty of Paris and large sections of northern and northwestern France through their client-patronage system, the Guises could recruit and pay for large armies and received support abroad from the papacy and Jesuits who favored the family’s uncompromising Catholic position. (antipathy of the Huguenots)
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ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY MASSACRE
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Massacre of the Huguenots in August 1572 occurred at a time when the Catholic and Calvinist parties had apparently been reconciled through marriage. The massacre began early in the day on August 24th and soon unleashed a wave of violence that gripped Paris.
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HENRY OF NAVARRE
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The Bourbon ruler of Navarre who was the son of Jeanne d’ Albret. Henry was also the acknowledged political leader of the Huguenots and many Huguenots traveled to Paris for his wedding to Charles IX’s sister.
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CHARLES IX
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the reigning Valois king and the brother-in-law of Henry of Navarre
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HENRY III
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Brother of Charles IX who succeeded him.
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WAR OF THREE HENRYS
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(1588-1589) Turning point came when Henry, duke of Guise, in the pay of Philip II of Spain, seized Paris and forced King Henry III to make him chief minister. To rid himself of the Guise influence, Henry III assassinated the duke of Guise and then joined with Henry of Navarre, who was next in line to the throne, to crush the Catholic Holy League and retake the city of Paris. Although successful, Henry III was assassinated in 1589 by a monk who was repelled by the spectacle of a Catholic king cooperating with a Protestant. Henry of Navarre now claimed the throne.
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EDICT OF NANTES
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Issued in 1598 and acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France but guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship in selected places in every district and allowed them to retain a number of fortified towns for their protection. In addition, Huguenots were allowed to enjoy all political privileges, including the holding of public offices.
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KING PHILIP II
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(1556-1598) King of Spain and the son and heir of Charles II. His reign ushered in an age of Spanish greatness, both politically and culturally. His first major goal was to consolidate and secure the lands he had inherited from his father. These included Spain, the Netherlands, and possessions in Italy and the New World. For him, this meant strict conformity to Catholicism, enforced by aggressive use of the Spanish Inquisition, and the establishment of strong, monarchial authority. He managed to expand royal power in Spain by making the monarchy less dependent on the traditional landed aristocracy. Another one of his aims was to make Spain a dominant power in Europe.
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BATTLE OF LEPANTO
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Ended in 1609 after a 12 year truce
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THE SPANISH NETHERLANDS
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William of Orange wished to unify all seventeen provinces of the Netherlands in 1576 with the Pacification of Ghent. This agreement stipulated that all the provinces would stand together under William’s leadership, respect religious differences, and demand that Spanish troops would be withdrawn.
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DUKE OF ALVA
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Sent by Philip along with 10 thousand other veteran Spanish and Italian troops to crush the rebellion. The repressive policies of the duke proved counter-productive. Phillip removed him in 1573 to shift to a more conciliatory policy to bring an end to the costly revolt
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COUNCIL OF TROUBLE
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a special tribunal inaugurated a reign of terror in which even powerful aristocrats were executed. As a result, the revolt now became organized, especially in the northern provinces, where William of Nassau, the prince of Orange, mounted growing resistance.
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WILLIAM OF ORANGE
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wished to unify all seventeen provinces of the Netherlands in 1576 with the Pacification Ghent; William of Nassau, the prince of Orange, also know as William the Silent; removed the duke of Alva from power in 1573
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SEA BEGGARS
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Dutch pirates
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DUKE OF PARMA
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the next Spanish leader after Philip II; split the Netherlands’ united front once he arrived
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UNION OF UTRECHT
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William of Orange organized the seventh northern, Dutch-speaking states into a Protestant union, called the Union of Utrecht, to oppose Spanish rule and the Duke of Parma.
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UNITED PROVINCES
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The 12-year truce ended the war between the unions and the new union that emerged as the Dutch Republic (although the Spanish did not formally recognize them as independent until 1648) was called the “United Provinces”
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ELIZABETH I OF ENGLAND
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The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; her religious policy was based on moderation and compromise. As a ruler, she wished to prevent England from being torn apart over matters of religion. Parliament cooperated with the queen in initiating the Elizabethan religious settlement in 1559.
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MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS
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Became unpopular when she tried to return England to the Catholic fold. She had been imprisoned for a while and had learned early to hide her true feelings from both private and public sight. Intelligent, cautious, and self-confident, she moved quickly to solve the difficult religious problem she had inherited from mary, who had become extremely unpopular when she tried to return England to the catholic fold.
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PURITANS
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potentially more dangerous to Anglicanism in the long run; the word first appeared in 1564 when it was used to refer to Protestants with the Anglican church who, inspired by Calvinist theology, wanted to remove any trace of Catholicism from the Church of England. Elizabeth managed to keep them in check during her reign.
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SIR FRANCIS DRAKE
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Especially adept at plundering Spanish fleets loaded with gold and silver from Spain’s new world empire.
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THE SPANISH ARMADA
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The Spanish fleet that finally set said had neither the ships nor the troops that Philip had planned to send. A conversion between a papal emissary and an officer of the Spanish fleet before the armada departed reveals the fundamental flaw.
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DEFENESTRATION OF PRAGUE
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the Bohemian Estates elected the Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand as their king, but soon became unhappy with their choice. Though many noblemen were Calvinists, Ferdinand was a devout Catholic who began a process of re-Catholicizing Bohemia and strengthening its royal power. The Protestant nobles rebelled against Ferdinand in May 1618 and proclaimed their resistance by throwing two of the Habsburg governors and a secretary out of the window of the royal castle in Prague, the seat of the Bohemian government. The Bohemian rebels now seized control of Bohemia, deposed Ferdinand, and elected as his replacement the Protestant ruler of Palatinate, Elector Frederick V, who was also the head of the Protestant Union.
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BATTLE OF WHITE MOUNTAIN
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Ferdinand, now elected HRE, refused to accept his deposition and was aided by the imposing forces of Maximilian of Bavaria and the Catholic League. The imperial forces defeated Frederick and the Bohemian nobles at this battle, outside Prague on November 8, 1620. Spanish troops took advantage of Frederick’s predicament by invading the Palatinate and conquering it by the end of 1622. Frederick fled into exile in the United Provinces. The Spanish took control of the western part of the Palatinate and Duke Maximilian of Bavaria took the rest of the territory
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CHRISTIAN IV
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Lutheran who intervened on behalf of the Protestant cause by leading an army into northern Germany. Christian had made an anti-Habsburg and anti-Catholic alliance with the United Provinces and England. He also wanted to gain possession of some Catholic territories in northern Germany to benefit his family.
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WALLENSTEIN
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a brilliant and enigmatic commander, he was a Bohemian nobleman who had taken advantage of Ferdinand’s victory to become the country’s wealthiest landowner. Wallenstein’s forces defeated a Protestant army at Dessau and then continued to operate in northern Germany. The forces of Christian IV, despite substantial aid from their allies, were defeated in 1626 by an army of the Catholic League under Count Tilly and then suffered an even more devastating loss to Wallenstein’s forces the following year.
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EDICT OF RESTITUTION
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Issued by Ferdinand II in March 1629. This proclamation prohibited Calvinist worship and restored to the Catholic church all property taken by Protestant princes or cities during the past 75 years. But this sudden growth in the power of the Habsburg emperor frightened many German princes, who feared for their independent status and reacted by forcing the emperor to dismiss Wallenstein.
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GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS
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This king of Sweden (1611-1635) entered the 30 Years War at this time. He was responsible for reviving Sweden and making it into a great Baltic power. He was a military genius and brought a disciplined and well-equipped Swedish army into northern Germany. He was also a devout Lutheran who felt compelled toto aid his coreligionists in Germany.
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BATTLE OF LUTZEN
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1632, The Swedish forces prevailed but paid a high price for the victory when the Swedish king was killed in the battle. Although the Swedish forces remained in Germany, they proved much less effective.
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SALVO
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Employed in battle, in which all rows of the infantry fired at once instead of row by row. These salvos of fire, which cut up the massed ranks of the opposing infantry squadrons, were followed by a pike charge, giving the infantry a primarily offensive deployment.
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