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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the components of the forebrain?
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the prosencephalon - everything above the midbrain basically
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WHat nucleo are found in the ant. hypothalamus?
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preoptic - reproduction
supraoptic paraventricular - secretory cells (vasopressin and oxytocin) anterior nucleus - body temp reg. suprachiasmatic - circadian rhythms |
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What nuclei are found in the middle hypothalamus?
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dorsomedial nucleus - emotions, limbic connections
ventromedial - food intake arcuate - endocrine connections |
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What nuclei are found in the post. hypothalamus?
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posterior nuclei - temp regulation
mammillary bodies - limbic connections |
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What autonomic system is the anterior hypothalamus associated with?
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parasymp
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What ANS is associated with the posterior hypothalamus?
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symp
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What is the 'head ganglion' of the ANS
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hypothalamu
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What are the outputs of the hypothalamus?
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Pituitary gland: hypothalamohypophysial tract
and hypophysial portal system Multisynaptic descending pathways: autonomic nuclei of branstem and lateral horn of spinal cord - function ensures survival of individual and species - |
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What is the purpose of receiving input from the circumventricular organs to the hypothalamus?
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these nuclei are located along the ventricles and are unique in the brain in that they lack a blood-brain barrier. This allows them to monitor substance in the blood that would normally be sheilded from neural tissue ie: area postremea, which is sensitive to toxins in the blod and can induce vomiting
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T/F the hypothalamus recieves input from the reticular formation?
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true - receive varity of input form the spinal cord( and others). among them i sinfomation about skin temp which is relayed to hypothalamus.
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Why does the solitary tract relay to the hypothalamus?
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collects all the visceral sensory information fom the head nad realys it to the hypothalamus and other targets
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Why do the limbic AND olfactory systems send info to the hypothalamus
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strucutres such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and olfactory cortex project to the hypothalamus and help to regulate bhaviors such as eating and reproduction.
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T/F the hypothalamus also has some intrinsic receptors, including thermoreceptors and osmoreceptors to monitor temp and ionic balance
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true
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Where do the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei project to?
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directly to the post. pituitary - releases neurotransmitters - vasopressin (adh) - resorption of water
and oxytocin - conraction of uterine muscle at childbirth - milk let-down phenomenon and socialization "love hormone" - "calm and connect" |
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The preoptic nucleus neurons undergo apoptosis in female in the beginning about age 4. What homosexual males?
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found that this apoptosis as well
Also - the medial preoptic area undergoes apoptosis in female... |
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Explain the Suprachiasmatic nucleus - where does it receive infro from and what is it's function?
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receives direct retinal input
functions to set body's 24 hours clock involved in seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
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What hypothalamic nuclei is considered the satiety center?
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ventromedial nucleus - actually the arcuate also works in conjuction with it and = feaalig of satiety and hunger
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How does the arcuate nucleus work in relation to the endocrine system?
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when eat, stomach releases hormones, negrelin = feelings of satiety
after eat = adipocytes release leptin |
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What is an example of a circumventricular organ?
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tuber cinereum and median eminence
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What would occur if you destroyed the "satiety center"?
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- due to surgical intervention (lab animal)
= voracious appetite loss of ability to judge caloric value of food - Lesion of the VentroMedial nucleus = the animal eats VeryMuch - hyperphagic cat - FAT CAT |
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If you have a craniopharyngioma (tumor) in the ventromedial nucleus what occurs (in humans)?
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irritation f ventromedial hypothalamus will produce ANOREXIA - post-surgery, patient will become hyperphagic
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If you lesion the anterior hypothalamus what might be experiened "general"
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hyperthermia, insomnia, diabetes insipidus
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What would occur if you lesioned the post. hypothalamus?
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hypothermia, hypersomina
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Where does hormone regulation occur in the hypothalmus?
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median eminence - circumventricular organ
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What are the 2 basic functions of the limbic system?
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emotions, learning and memory
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What system is a highely interconnected group of structure interposed between the neocortex and the hypothalamus?
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limbic system
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The limbic system is essential for the 5 F's which are?
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feeling, feeding, fighting, fleeing and mating
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The limbic system is expressed through the hypothalamus as?
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the ans
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Where is the limbic system located?
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ring of phylogenetically old cortx on the medial wall of hte cerebral himespheres and includes a collection of other telencephalic areas connected directly/indirectly with the hypothalamus
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What are the components of the limbic system?
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Cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior nucleus of the THALAMUS - dorsal thalamus, frontal lobe, septal area - midline structure, mammillary bodies, numerous complex fiber tracts
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What is the hippocampus responsible for?
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memory consolidation
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what is the amygdala do?
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emotions
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The frontal lobe is responsible for what?
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future planning, personality, impulsivity
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Where is a pleasure center associated with the limbic system?
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septal area - midline structure, medial forebrain bundle of ret. formation (ventral striatum) - nucleus accumbens - releases GABA
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What are the main fibers tracts of the limbic system?
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fimbria/fornix major output from hippocampal formation to mamillary bodies, anterior thalamus, septum (septum goes back to hippocampus!)
stria terminalis: amygdala to hypothalamus and septum (major output from amygdala) Medial forebrain bundle: massive fiber tract, septum to midbrain Retcular formaiton mammillothalamic tract - mammillary odie sto anterior nucleus of thalamus |
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What is the function of the mammillary bodies in the limbic system?
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major output system (part of hypothalamus - posterior)
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what does the anterior cingulate gyrus mostely deal with? what structure of the limbic system.
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amygdala
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what does the posterior cingulate gyrus mostly deal with? what structure of the limbic system.
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hippocampus
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What structure is the bridge between the exterior (telencephalon) and inferior (diencephalon)
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cingulate gyrus
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What does the ventral striatum include?
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septal area and nucleus accumbens
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What is the importance of the limbic system?
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emotions (rage) and memory (short-term)
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What neurological disorders come from destruction of structures of the limbic system? (remember lesions must be bilateral to get memory disorders)
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Alzheimer's disease - memory problems, personality problems
Korsakoff's Syndrome - memory prob., confabulation - hippocampus Kluver-Bucy syndrom - recognize objects, but can't attribute qualities to them, hypersexuality, wipe out of ventral striatum |
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What syndrome is seen following bilateral temporal pole removal - of entire medial temp. lobe
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome: compulsive manipulation of objects, insatiable appetite, sexual exhibitionism with frequent masturbation - relates to nucelus accumbens, severe amnesia - both before and after surgery, complete loss of aggresive behavior, visual agnosia - lose ability to form menaningful memories
- basically: material doesn't get to proper storage area in cerbral cortex (if you stim amygdala=rage, if you eliminate it -= calm, placidity) |
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The hippocampal formation is subdivided into:
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hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus
the subiculum is the entry way in and out of the hippocampus |
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What are the main inputs of the limbic system?
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entorhinal cortex - via perforant pathway
lateral hypothalamus via fimbria of fornix - the stronger the emotional stimuli = more into long term memory (smell is STRONG) |
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What are the major outputs of the limbic system
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MAIN: fimbria fornix system
Mammillary body via subiculum anterior nucleus of thalamus through the mammillary bodeis via the mammillothalamic tract |
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What are the functions of the hippocampus?
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learning and memory: anterograde amnesia with lesions, codes shorterm memoreis into long-term
and endocrine - stress responses - feedback to hypothalamus |
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What disorders result in damage to the hippocampus?
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alzheimer's disease - memory loss (short-term), loss of cells in the hippocampus
Korsakoff's syndrome - thiamine deficiency (inc. in alcoholics), loss of short-term memory, hippocampus, and mammillary bodies neuronal loss, confabulation Vascular dementia - stroke |
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The outputs sends info to the multimodal sensory association cortex - through what structure of hippocampus
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out the entorhinal cortex
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Decribe how the information comes in and associates and leaves the hippocampus?
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sensory signals in to entorhinal cortex - subiculum to the dentate gyrus - where it is matched with current sensation and matched sensation then sends motor response via the fimbria/fornix and another response back out the way it came in as the memory sensation out.
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What limbic structure evaluates sensory information for familiar content, stores new cognitive information (declarative memory)
retrieves stored cognitivie informaiton emotional content is impt. in formulation new memories |
hippocampus
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What is the circuit of Papez?
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Links hippocampus with cingulate cortex
Hippocampal formation -> fornix - > mammillary bodies -> mammillothalamic tract -> anterior nucleus of the thalamus (limbic nucleus) 0> cingluate gyrus (selection of motor response) -> cingulum -> entorhinal cortex -> hippocampal formation ->continues on and on an don |
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What limbic system structure:
selectis appropriate motor and autonomic behavior in response to ongoing emotions projects to motor areas (motor Planning) projects to hypothalamus projects to brainsetem and Autonomic centers |
anterior cingulate cortex
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What limbic system structure:
processes HIGHLY sensory input - when stimulated, produces activites associated with feeding, rage and aggression. Lesion result s in placidity and hypersexual behavior |
amygdala
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What are the major inputs of the amygdala?
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anterior olfactory nucleus - via the lateral olfactory stria (HUGE input)
dorsal medial nucleus of the thalamus -via stria terminalis hypothalamus via stria terminalis |
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What are the major outputs of the amygdala?
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septal area - via the stria terminalis (for well being)
hypothalamus via stria terminalis -(for emotional expression) dorsal medial nucleus of the thalamus to perforate cortex |
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What are the functions of the amygdala?
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endocrine - hypothalamus and stresss responses
Emotional behavior |
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The amygdala when lesioned, has what emotional behavior?
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decreased aggression, placidity imiparies learning.
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When the amygdala is lesioned what does the patient experience?
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fear, anxiety, attention/defense
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When the amygdala is lesioned what syndrome is seen?
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome - absence of emotion, placidity/fearlessness (stimulation=fear), compulsive attention, hypersexual, psychich blindness, visual agnosia
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The amygdala acts _________ with the septal area
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reciprocally
The septal area( for well-bein) amygdal is producer of anxiety - both constantly active |
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Where is the nucleus accumbens (septal area) located and what is it's function?
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located at the base of the septum pellucidum - fucntions as a reward center
is a primary targe for the mesolimbic tract from the ventral tegmental area relases of dopamine in nuclues produces a sesne of reward, receives input form the hiippocampus and amygdala and other areas project to hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex |
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Release of ____- in nucleus accumbens produce sa sense of reward/
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dopamine
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Increase levels of dopamine can be provided to the accumbens through stimulis such as?
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caffein,tobacco, alcohol, good things to eat
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Chronic levels of dopamine result in the production of an increased number of receptor sites.
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true
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An abnormally high level of receptors demana higher quantity of
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dopamine to maintain a normal balance between anxiety and well being - neuroanatomical asis of substance abuse
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