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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Heart layers |
Endocardium: lines atrial and ventricle cavities Myocardium: cardiac muscle Epicardium:outer layer Pericardium:serous sac + fluid |
X4 |
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Fibromuscular strands called ______________ support heart valves |
Chordea tendinae |
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Electrical conduction pathway |
SA, Internodal, AV, HIS, Purkinje |
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Cardiac output |
HR x SV |
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Stroke volume |
Comprised of preload, afterload & contractility |
3 components |
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Volume of blood within left ventricle before contraction is _____________ |
Preload |
Systemic circulation |
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Preload affected by; |
Venous constriction or dilation Ventricular elasticity Contractility |
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Heart blood flow |
Body to VENA CAVA (DEOXYGENATED) RIGHT ATRIUM TRICUSPID VALVE RIGHT VENTRICLE PULMONIC VALVE LUNGS (pulmonary circulation) PULMONARY VEIN LEFT ATRIUM MITRAL VALVE LEFT VENTRICLE AORTIC VALVE AORTA BODY (systemic circulation) |
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___________ is the resistance to left ventricle ejection at the point of peak tension in the wall of the ventricle |
Afterload |
After the heart |
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Afterload affected by; |
Arterial dilation |
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Pale/white MM |
Aneamia Vasoconstriction Peripheral capillary bed shut down (shock) |
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Blue |
Hypoxemia |
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Red/injected MM |
Vasodilation Sepsis Heat stroke Cyanide Toxicity |
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Grey MM |
Sluggish blood flow Oxidative injury |
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Brown MM |
Methemoglobinemia Actaminophen |
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Yellow MM |
Hepatic Bike duct Hemolysis |
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Elevated HR |
Volume loss, pain, hypoxemia, sepsis, decreased VR |
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Bradycardia causes |
High vagal tone, AV disturbances, hyperkalemia, hypothermia, drugs, organophosphate, carbonate, increased ICP |
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Normal ABP |
Systolic 100-160 Diastolic 60-110 Mean 80-120 Pulse pressure (difference between S & D ) 40-80 |
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MAP = |
([2xD]+S)/3 |
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CVP: 1. Normal 2. Affected by 3. Monitor in 4. Elevations caused by |
1. 0-5cm H20 or 0-3mmHg 2. Intravascular volume, venous tone & compliance, intrathoracic pressure, cardiac function 3. Renal, pulmonary, cardiac & sepsis 4. Volume overload, plueral or peric effusions, pulmonary edema, thromboembolism, pneumothorax, pulmonary hypertension OR tip of jug cath within heart chamber |
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Colloidal oncotic pressure 1. What 2. Normal 3. Affected by 4. Causes 5. Indicators |
1. Holding power of fluids within vascular system 2. 18-25mm Hg 3. Hypoproteinemia + increased capillary permeability 4. Third spacing 5. < 15 = colloidal < 10= third spacing |
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Lactate 1. What 2. Sources of 3. Normal & abnorm 4. Types of 5. Sepsis indication |
1. Product of anaerobic cellular metabolism 2. Skeletal & gastrointestinal 3. Normal < 1 mmol/L Hyperlacteamia > 2mmol/L Lactic acidosis > 5mmol/l 4. Type A, B (1, 2 & 3) 5. Blood:Fluid < 2mmol/l |
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Types of lactic acidosis |
Type A: tissue hypoxia present with normal mitochondrial function (hypovoleamia, anemia, oedema) Type B: oxygen delivery normal but mitochondrial function abnormal B1: decreased lactate clearance ( liver failure, diabetes, renal failure, neoplasia) B2: drugs or toxins affecting glycolysis (ethylene glycol, carbon monoxide, acetaminophen) B3: mitochondrial disease |
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Main electrolytes for cardio |
Ca+, Mg, Na & K |
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Heart failure is defined as ____________ failure is defined as ____________ |
Heart that pumps inadequate volume of blood to all tissues |
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CHF 1. Define |
Congestive heart failure, impaired cardiac function causing elevated venous & capillary pressures leading to congested organs |
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Right sided heart failure signs |
Weakness Syncope Exercise intolerance Pallor Jugular pulses Liver/ Spleen enlargement |
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Left sides heart failure signs |
Cough, Orthopnea Hemoptysis Oliguria Lung crackles Cyanosis Cardiac arrhythmia Heart murmurs |
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Biventricular heart failure |
Combination of right & left + thromboembolism & cachexia |
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Goals of therapy |
Reduce anxiety, improve blood flow & oxygenation, decrease edema, increase cardiac output and control arrhythmias |
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Used for reducing congestive signs: Name three |
Diuretics: high efficacy low toxicity Frusemide, Spironolactone, Chlorothiazide |
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Loop diuretics: What + Example of |
Potent DIURETIC, ascending loop of Henle. Decrease reabsorbtion of Na & Cl, Increase excretion of K Increase renal excretion of H20, Na, Cl, Ca+, Mg, H+, NH3 and Bicarbonate ☆ Frusemide 2-4mg/kg q 1-8 or CRI 0.1mg/kg/hr Monitor for dehydration and electrolyte disarrangments. |
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Potassium sparing diuretic: What Example |
Milder diuretic, often used with loop diuretics Inhibit action of aldosterone on distal tubular cells |
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