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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Affix
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A morpheme or meaningful part of a word attached before or after a root or base
word to modify its meaning; a category that includes prefixes and suffixes. |
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Alphabetic principle
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The use of letters and letter combinations to represent phonemes in an
orthography. |
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Consonant
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A phoneme that is not a vowel and is formed with obstruction of the flow of air
with the teeth, lips, or tongue; also called a closed sound in some instructional programs; English has 40 or more consonants; also may refer to an alphabet letter used in representing any of these sounds |
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Automaticity
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Fluent performance without the conscious deployment of attention.
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Base word
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A free morpheme, usually of Anglo-Saxon origin, to which affixes can be added.
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Blend
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A consonant sequence before or after a vowel within a syllable, such as cl, br, or st;
also called "consonant blend." |
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Book talk
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A discussion of one or more books by a teacher, librarian, or student to introduce
books and to induce others to read them. |
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Bound morpheme
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A morpheme, usually of Latin origin in English, that cannot stand alone but is
used to form a family of words with related meanings. A bound root (such as –fer) has meaning only in combination with a prefix and/or a suffix. |
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Cloze procedure
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Any of several ways of measuring a person's ability to restore omitted portions of
an oral or written message by reading its remaining context. |
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Comprehension monitoring
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The mental act of knowing when one does and does not understand what one is
reading. |
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Etymology
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The study of the history and development of the structures and meanings of words;
derivation. |
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Consonant digraph
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Written letter combination that corresponds to one speech sound but is not
represented by either letter alone, such as th or ph. |
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Context
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The sounds, words, or phrases adjacent to a spoken or written language unit.
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Context clue
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Information from the immediate textual setting that helps identify a word or word
group, as by words, phrases, sentences, illustrations, syntax, or typography. |
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Contextual analysis
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The search for the meaning of an unknown word through an examination of its
context; the use of a larger linguistic unit to determine the meaning of a smaller unit |
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Continuant
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Speech sound that can be spoken uninterrupted until the speaker runs out of breath
(/m/, /s/, /v/). |
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Decodable text
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Text in which a large proportion of words (approximately 70%–80%) comprise
sound-symbol relationships that have already been taught; used to provide practice with specific decoding skills and to form a bridge between learning phonics and applying phonics in independent reading of text. |
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Decoding
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Ability to translate a word from print to speech, usually by employing knowledge
of sound-symbol correspondences; also, the act of deciphering a new word by sounding it out. |
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Dialect
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A social or regional variety of a particular language with phonological,
grammatical, and lexical patterns that distinguish it from other varieties. |
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ESL students
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Students who are learning English as a second language; Limited English
Proficiency (LEP) students. |
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Expressive vocabulary
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The vocabulary used to communicate in speaking and writing.
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Figurative language
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Language enriched by word images and figures of speech.
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Figure of speech
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The expressive, nonliteral use of language for special effects, usually through
images, as in metaphor and personification. |
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Free morpheme
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A morpheme that can stand alone in word formation.
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Invented spelling
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The result of an attempt to spell a word whose spelling is not already known,
based on a writer's knowledge of the spelling system and how it works; also referred to as "temporary spelling" or "developmental spelling." |
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Intonation
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Pitch level of the voice.
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Inflection
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A bound morpheme that combines with base words to indicate tense, number,
mood, person, or gender. |
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Idiom
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An expression whose meaning may be unrelated to the meaning of its parts.
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High-frequency word
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A word that appears many more times than most other words in spoken or written
language. |
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Grapheme
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A letter or letter combination that spells a single phoneme; in English, a grapheme
may be one, two, three, or four letters, such as e, ei, igh, or eigh. |
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Minimal pair
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A pair of words that contrast only in one phoneme.
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KWL
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A strategy developed by Donna Ogle that is especially useful for identifying
purposes for reading expository text. The strategy, which typically involves the use of a graphic organizer, prompts the reader to consider What I Know (K), What I Want To Learn (W), and What I Have Learned (L). |
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Language Experience Approach (LEA)
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An approach to language learning in which students' oral compositions are
transcribed and used as materials of instruction for reading, writing, speaking, and listening. |
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LEP students
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Students with limited English proficiency; students who are learning English as a
second language (ESL). |
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Literature circle
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That part of a literature-based reading program in which students meet to discuss
books they are reading independently. Note: The books discussed are usually sets of the same title, sets of different titles by one author, or sets of titles with a common theme. |
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Metalinguistic
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Pertaining to an acquired awareness of language structure and function that allows
one to reflect on and consciously manipulate the language. |
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Miscue
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A deviation from text during oral reading or a shift in comprehension of a passage.
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Miscue analysis
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A formal examination of the use of miscues as the basis for determining the
strengths and weaknesses in the background experiences and language skills of students as they read. |
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Phonetic
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Referring to the nature, production, and transcription of speech sounds.
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Morpheme
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The smallest meaningful unit of language.
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Morphology
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The study of meaningful units of language and how they are combined in word
formation. |
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Multisyllabic
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Having more than one syllable.
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Narrative text
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Text, usually with the structure of a story, that tells about sequences of fictional or
real events and is often contrasted with expository text. |
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Onset
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The part of a syllable before the vowel; some syllables do not have onsets.
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Orthography
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A writing system; correct or standardized spelling according to established usage
in a given language. |
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Phoneme
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A speech sound that combines with others in a language system to make words.
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Phonemic awareness
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The conscious awareness that words are made up of segments of our own speech
that are represented with letters in an alphabetic orthography; also called phoneme awareness. |
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Phonics
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The study of the relationships between letters and the sounds they represent; also
used to describe reading instruction that teaches sound-symbol correspondences. |
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Reading fluency
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Speed of reading; also, the bility to read text with sufficient speed to support
comprehension. |
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R-controlled
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Pertaining to a vowel immediately followed by the consonant /r/, such that its
pronunciation is affected or even dominated by the /r/. |
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Prefix
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A morpheme that precedes a root or base word and that contributes to or modifies
the meaning of a word; a common linguistic unit in Latin-based words. |
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Phonological awareness
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Metalinguistic awareness of all levels of the speech sound system, including word
boundaries, stress patterns, syllables, onset-rime units, and phonemes; a more encompassing term than phoneme awareness. |
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Phonogram
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In word recognition, a graphic sequence comprised of a vowel grapheme and an
ending consonant grapheme, as –ed in red, bed, fed or –ake in bake, cake, lake. Also known as "word family." |
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Syntax
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The rule system governing sentence formation; the study of sentence structure
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Rime
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A linguistic term for the part of a syllable that includes the vowel and what follows
it; different from the language play activity of rhyming. |
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Root
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A morpheme, usually of Latin origin in English, that cannot stand alone but that is
used to form a family of words with related meanings. |
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Semantic cue
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Evidence from the general sense or meaning of a written or spoken
communication that aids in the identification of an unknown word. |
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Semantic properties
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The component features of the meaning of a word.
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Sight words
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Words that are known as wholes, do not have to be sounded out to be recognized
quickly, and are often taught and learned as "exception," out-law," or "nonphonetic" words. |
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Structural analysis
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The identification of word-meaning elements, as re and read in reread, to help
understand the meaning of a word as a whole; morphemic analysis. |
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Suffix
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A morpheme, added to a root or base word, that often changes the word's part of
speech and that modifies its meaning. |
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Syllable
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Unit of pronunciation that is organized around a vowel; it may or may not have
consonants before or after the vowel. |
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Syntactic cue
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Evidence from knowledge of the rules and patterns of language that aids in the
identification of an unknown word from the way it is used in a grammatical construction. |
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Vowel
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An open phoneme that is the nucleus of every syllable and is classified by tongue
position and height, such as high/low or front/mid/back; English has 15 vowel phonemes. |
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Vowel combination
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A spelling pattern in which two or more adjoining letters represent a single vowel
sound (e.g., ea for /e/ in bread, oa for /o/ in boat); also called vowel pattern, vowel digraph, vowel pair, or vowel team. |
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Marie Clay
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Concepts About Print
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Yetta Goodman
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Kid-watching
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Piaget
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Constructivism
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Piaget's Stages
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Sensory motor 0-2
Preoperational 3-7 Concrete Operational 7-11 Formal Operational 11-adult |
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Schemata
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A scaffold of information
assimilate accomodate |
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Vygotsky
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Sociolinguistics
Scaffolding ZPD |
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Rosenblatt
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Reader's Theater
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Fontaus and Pinnell
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Leveled Books
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Montessori
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Italian educator
Self-directed learning by the student observation by the teacher |
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Cummins
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BICS
CALPS |
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BICS
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Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills
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CALPS
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Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
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RTI
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Response to Intervention
Screening and Prevention Early Intervention Intensive Intervention |