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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
functional characteristics of muscle tissue?
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excitabilitty,contractility,extensibility,
elasticity |
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/4 important function of body
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movement, maintaines stabilizing joints, generates heates
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4 types of muscle tisse
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skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
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muscle fibers?
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skeletal and smooth smooth muscle cells elongated
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muscle
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empysium;bloodvessel and nerve fibers and ct wrappings
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muscle fiber
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elongated multinucleate cell; banded appearance;edomysium
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fascicle
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perimysium,segregated from muscle by ct sheath
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myofibril
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rodlike contractile element;composed of sarcomeres arranged end to end;adjacent myofibrils
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sarcomere
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contractile unit compsed of myofilaments made of contracticle proteins
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myofilament
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thick and thin contain myosin
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endomysium
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each muscle fiber surounded by this fine sheat of ct made of aerolar and reticulr fibers
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permyisum/fasciles
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in skeletal muscle endomysium muscle fiber grouped in fasicles each fasicile is surrouned by fibrous ct called perimysium
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EPIMYSIUM
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dense regular ct surrounds whole muscle
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direct foesy attachments
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epimysium of muscle is fued to periosteum of bone of cartilage
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indirect fleshy attachments
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muscle's ct wrappings extend beyond the muscle like a rope
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tendon/aponeurosis
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anchors muscle to ct covering sketele element
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SACROLEMMA
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plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fiber
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sacr0plasm
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muscle fiber contains large amounts og glysomes and myoglobin
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myoglobin
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red pigment stores oxygen in sacroplasm
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myosin
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thick filaments are composed of;link thin filaments together
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actin
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thin filaments composed of;
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triads
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succusive grouping of t tubule and encircle the sacrolemma
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topomyosin
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rod shape protein; around actin;block myosin binding sites on actin so myosin heads cannot bind to thin filaments
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toponin
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protein filament three polypeptide
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elastic filament
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composed of titin; holds thick filaments in place and assisting muscle cells to spring back into shape
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dystrophin
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strucural protein that links think filaments to integral proteins of sacrolemma
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sacroplasmic recticulum
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elaborate smooth ER has terminal cisternae;regulates interacellular levels of ionic calcium;stores and released calicum on demand
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triad relationships
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act as voltage sensors and form channels through
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t tubules
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elongated tube in sacrolemma
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contraction of filaments?
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activation of myosin's cross bridges
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when does contraction end?
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cross bridges become inactive and tension declines inducing relaxtion
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when does shortening occur in filaments?
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tension generated by cross bridges on thin filamens exceeds the forces opposing shortening
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sliding filament theory of contraction
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during contraction thin filaments slide past thick ones so actin and myosin filaments overlap to greater degree
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neroumuscular junction
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when axon of motorn neuron divides into branches
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synaptic cleft
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gel like cellular substance rich in glycoproteins and collagen fibers
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synaptic vesicles
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small membranous sac with acetylcholine
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depolarzation
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transient change in membrane potential occurs suck that interior of sacrolemma becomes less negative
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refractory period
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cell cannot be stimulated again until repolarization is complete
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excitation contraction coupling
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sequence of events which transmission of action potential along sarcolemma leads to sliding of myofilaments
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muscle fiber contraction steps
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1 cross bridge
2 power stroke 3cross bridge detachement 4cocking of myosin head |
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motor unit?
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motor neuron and all muscle fibers it supplies
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graded muscle response
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varations of muscle movement which can be by stimulation and stimulus
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muscle twitch?
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response of motor unit to single action potential of a motor neuron
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the three phases of a twich are?
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latent pierod, period of contraction, period of relaxtion
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isotonic contractions
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muscle length changes tenstion remains constant
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concentric contractions
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muscle shortens
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eccentric contractions
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generates force as it lengthens used for coordination
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isometric contractions
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build up muscle's peak producing capacity
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aerobic respiration
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molecules are broken and energy realeased to make ATP
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aerobic endurance
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length of time muscle continues to contract using aerobic pathways
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anaerobic threshold
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point which muscle metabolism converts to anaerobic glycolysis
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muscle fatigue
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inability to contract flesh can perform but human is tired
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internal tensions
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stretches series elastic components
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external tension
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transfer tension helps muscle return to length
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length tension relationship
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in sacromere occurs muscle is slightly stretched think and thick filaments overlap
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6 necessary life functions
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maintaining boundaries movement resposiveness digestion reproduction
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survival needs
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oxygen water atmospheric pressure nutrients
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receptor?
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type of sensor monitos environement and respons to changes
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control center?
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determins set pointand course of action
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negative feedback
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output shut off original stimulus or reduces intensity
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postive feedback
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reslut or response enhances original stimulus so activity is accelerated
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axial part
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head neck trunk
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appendicular part
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limbs attached to body's axis
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superior
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toward the head end of upper part of body
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inferior
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away from head end or toward lower part of structure of body
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ventral
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toward or at the back of body
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medial
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toward or at midleline of body
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intermediate
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between a more medial and more lateral structure
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proximal
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closer to orgin of body part or point of attachment of a llimb to body trunk
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distal
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farther from the orgin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to body trunk
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superficial
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torward or at the body surface
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deep
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away from the body surface
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kinetic energy
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energy in action
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potential energy
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stored energy or inactive energy
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forms of energy
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chemical,radiant,electrical,mechanical
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isoptopes
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same number of protons and electrons but differ in nuetrons
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radioisotopes
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isotopes that have atomic decay and lose radioactivity
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compound
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two or more diff kinds of atoms bind
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solution
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homogenous mixtures
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solvent
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substance present in largest amount and usually liquids
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solute
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substances present in smaller amounts
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colloids
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hetergenous mixtures often appear translucent particles do not settle ; scatter light
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susupesion
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heterogenous mixture with large visible solutes tend to settle out
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ionic bond
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chemical bond between atoms formed by transfer of one or more electrons to an atom to the other
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covalent bond
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electron sharing
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nonpolar
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electrically balanced
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polar
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unequall elctron sharing
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diploe
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two charges
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electrolytes
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oppisetly charged ions
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acid
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proton donor,sour taste,release hydrogen ions
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bases
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bitter taste,slippery,proton acceptor,take up hydrogen ions 7-14
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disaccharides
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double sugar
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monosaccride
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simple sugar
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isomer
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same molecular formula but atoms arranged diff
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lipds
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insolubale in water dissolve in other lipids
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triglyceroids
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neutral fats
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phospholipids
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modified triglyercids
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amino acid
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builidng block of protein
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enzymes
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are cataylsts regulate and accelerate
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nucelic acids
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largest molecules in body
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hydrophobic
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water hating phospholipd tail with two fatty acids
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hdyrophilic
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water loving phosphlipd polar head that is charged
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glycolipids
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phospholipd with sugar groups
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integral protein
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hyrdophoic and hydrophilic and insterted in lipid bailer
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peripheral protein
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not emebedded in lipid
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microvilli
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fingerlike extension of plasma membrane increase area
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tight junction
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prevent molecules from passing through
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desmosomes
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anchoring junction prevent seperation
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gap junction
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communicating junction between adjacent cells
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selectively permreable
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alllows some substances to pass through while excluding others
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diffusion
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molecules scatter even throughout environment
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simple diffusion
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unassisted diffusion of particles
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faciliated diffusion
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unable to pass through lipid baiyler
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osmosis
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diffusion of solvent through a selectively permeable membrane
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hydrostatic pressure
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back pressure exerted by water against membrane
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osmotic pressure
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cells tendancy to resist furher water entry
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tonicity
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change shape of water volume
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isotonic
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solutions of same concentration
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hypertonic
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higher concentraion of nonpenetrating solutes
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hypotonic
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lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes
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phagocytosis
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endocytosis large material engulfed by cell
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phagosome
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endocytotic vescile
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ribosomes
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proteins of rna
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mitochondria
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threadlike membranous organelles
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cytoplasm
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cellular material between plasma membrane ad nucleus
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cytosol
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fluid in ctyoplasm
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rough er
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where ribosomes are created
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er
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cells created
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golgi apparatus
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flattened membranous sacs
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lysosomes
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spherical membranous organelles with digestive enzymes
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cytoskeleton
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eleborate series of rods running through cytplasm
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microtubules
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holllow tubes made up of proteins
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microfilaments
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thinest elements of cytoskeleton
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intermediate filaments
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tough insoluable protein fibers
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cilia
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whiplike motile cellular extensions
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flagells
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long projections
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basal bodies
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centrioles forming bases of cilia and flagella
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nucleous
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control center of cell
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chromatin
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straind made up of dna histone and rna
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nuecleolie
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dark staing spherical bodies in nucleus
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nuclear envelope
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double membrane barried seperated by fluid filled space
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transcription
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transfer of info from dna to mrna molecule
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translation
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steps of protein synthesis in nnucleic acids
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