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72 Cards in this Set
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Is a common sequela to offensive stimuli in the skin of small animals |
Self mutation |
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An unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch |
Pruritus |
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Five primary cutaneous sensation |
Heat Cold Pain Touch Pruritus |
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Most likely the major mediators of pruritus in dogs and cats |
Proteases/ proteolytic enzymes |
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Released from bacteria, fungi, mast cells epidermal cells |
Cathepsin |
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Enzyme released from Leukocytes |
Leukopeptidase |
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May leak from plasma |
Plasmin |
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Factors that initiate pruritus |
Heat and cold Vasodilation Proteolytic enzymes Asteatosis (dry skin) |
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May increase the cerebral response to physiologic itch stimuli and convert the sensation to a pathologic state |
Boredom |
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Potentiate pruritus by increasing the accessibility of proteases to the nerve endings |
Chronic inflammation Secondary bacterial infection |
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Primary physiologic response for the control or temporary relief of pruritus |
Scratching |
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Can potentiate pruritus since the induced epidermal damages releases additional proteolytic enzymes |
Scratching |
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Primary skin lesions examples |
Papule Pustule Vesicle Wheals Macule Nodule |
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Secondary skin lesion ex |
Ulcer Erosion Scale Crust Scar Lichenification Hyperkeratosis |
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Small solid eruptions in the epidermis and are approximately 1cm in diameter or smaller |
Papule |
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Erythematous reddened swellings prduces by tissue infiltration of inflammatory cells, epidermal edema, epidermal hypertrophy |
Papule |
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Basic lesion in many allergic and parasitic skin disease |
Papule |
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Are associated with superficial bacterial infection, pemphigus foliaceous and subcorneal pustular dermatoses |
Pustule |
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Forms pustule that are sterile |
Pemphigus foliaceous |
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Pustule from fungal disease |
Sporotrichosis |
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Circumscribed eruptions in the epidermis filled with clear fluid |
Vesicle |
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Large vesicular eruptions |
Bullae |
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Covering the vesicle or bulla is very fragile and easily ruptured |
Dome |
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Ruptured vesicles exposed the underlying epithelium creating |
Erosion |
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Basic lesions in pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid |
Bullae |
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Circumscribed, raised lesions with flat surface |
Wheals |
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Circumscribed to slightly assymetric spots in the skin characterized by hyperpigmentation, depigmentation or erythema |
Macule |
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Depigmented macules |
Patches |
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Associated with vitiligo and hypothyroidism |
Patches |
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Solid usually round elevation in the skin that may extend to deep layers Surface may be intact or ulcerated Caused by cellular accumulation in skin |
Nodule |
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Neoplastic nodules are called |
Tumors |
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Examples of nodular ds. |
Callus Lick granuloma Nodular panniculitis Histiocytoma |
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Represent denuded epithelium that exposes the dermis and destroys hair follicles |
Ulcer |
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Represent denuded epithelium that leaves the basement membrane intact Hair follicle are preserved |
Erosion |
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Symmetric or asymetric superficial erosion caused by scratching biting or rubbing Moist and contains hair |
Excoriation |
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Often called hot spot Reflect the presence of a pruritic skin ds
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Excoriation |
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Loose fragment of keratin debris that accumulate in the coat or skin |
Scale |
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Dry, powdery, flaky waxy greasy |
Scale |
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Basic lesion in primary seborrhea |
Waxy scales or scaly plaque |
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Dried blood, serum, pus,scales or topical medications that cover the surface of ulcers |
Crust |
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Fibrous tissue that replaces normal epithelium in the healing of an ulcer Depigmented and hairless |
Scar |
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May follow burns and deep pyodermas |
Scar |
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Thickening of epidermis with exaggeration of the superficial skin marking, hyperpigmented |
Lichenification |
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Observed in acanthosis nigricans |
Lichenification |
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Common lesion in chronic flea allergy dermatitis |
Lichenification |
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Increased thickness of the stratum corneum |
Hyperkeratosis |
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Associated with dermatophyte infection |
Hyperkeratosis |
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Loss of hair |
Alopecia |
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Generalized alopecia primarily truncal and tend to spare head and limbs |
Diffuse alopecia |
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Have a predisposition for certain areas of the body |
Regional alopecia |
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Most common distribution pattern of alopecia |
Multifocal alopecia |
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This form of alopecia may initiate a multifocal pattern |
Focal alopecia |
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Rearrangement of light as it passes through a turbid medium
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Scattering
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Formed by Melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis, hair follicles, andmucous membrane.◦ Colors produced range from brown (Diluted) to yellow, orange, or orange-red(Concentrated)
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Melanin
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◦ Blood vessels of the mucous membranes, sparsely pigmented skin, and whitenails are penetrated by light and thus contribute to the color of these tissues
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Hemoglobin
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◦ Impart a yellowish color to the skin.
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Carotene
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redder while reduced hemoglobin is bluer
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Oxyhemoglobin
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Increased Skin Pigmentation◦ May involve:
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Melanin (Melanosis)◦ Hemoglobin◦ Carotene◦ Pigments of endogenous (Bilirubin) or exogenous origin
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Focal melanosis of the mucous membranes. |
Melanopalkia
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yellow pigmentation Serum bilirubin must first reach 2-4mg/dL before this is clinicallydetectable.◦ Elastic tissue has a great affinity for bilirubin, hence icterus in the sclera,conjunctiva, and mucous membrane. |
jaundice |
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drug utilize in the treatment of giardia infection, solar dermatitis and discoid lupus |
quinacrine hydrochloride |
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produces a 🍒 cherry red color of the skin and mucousmembrane due to the formation of Carboxyhemoglobinema |
carbon monoxide poisoning |
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produces an erythematous to purplish red discoloration of the skin and mm. |
polycythemia |
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due to cyanide poisoning produces similar effects |
cyanohemoglobenemia |
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produces a brownish blue discoloration |
methemoglobeinemia |
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Decreased Melanin Production
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Albinism◦ Vitiligo◦ Immunologic Dermatoses◦ Leukotrichia
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is the effect of decreased hemoglobin in blood vessels |
pallor |
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produces a combination of pallor and icterus |
hemolytic anemia |
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◦ Genetically controlled defect in the conversion of tyrosine to melanin. |
albinism |
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Acquired loss of melanin pigmentation in focal areas of the hair and mucousmembrane.◦ Has a patchy distribution of the gums, mm, eyelids, and nose.
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vitiligo |
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◦ Depigmentation of the nose due to canine solar dermatitis
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photosensitization |
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Loss of pigment from hair, causing hair to turn white.◦ Trauma, burns, follicular infections, and ionizing radiation may cause these localeffects.◦ Defect is usually temporary
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leukotrichia |