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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
_ produces fluid that enters the posterior chamber, flows through _ and drains into__
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Ciliary body epithelium
Pupillary opening Canal of Schlemm |
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Constricts iris reducing pupil size _ (nerve - parasympathetic/sympathetic)
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CN III - parasympathetic Ach
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Part of nervous system that increases pupil size
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Sympathetic (NE)
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Any condition that occludes canals of Schlemm leads to what condition
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Glaucoma
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Myelinated axons of the optic nerve are covered by _
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Dura
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Photoreceptors release _ (NT) on _ which then activate ganglion cells. Axons of ganglion cells make _
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GLutamate
Bipolar cells CN II |
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In dark rods and cones release _
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Glutamate
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In light rods and cones release glutamate - T/F
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FALSE - only in dark
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Light converts cis-Rodopsin to _ thus activating _ which activates _ which breaks down _ , without it cell polarizes and stops releasing glutamate
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Trans-rodopsin
G protein Phosphodiesterase cGMP |
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_ have excitatory glutamate activity and release _ on surrounding cons and rods
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Horizontal cells
GABA |
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_ bipolar interconnecting neuron dendrites have inhibitory glutamate receptors
_ dendrites have excitatory glutamate receptors |
On center
Off center |
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Nucleus that is responsible for vision is _ and it transfers information to _
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LGN
Occipital cortex |
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Nucleus responsible for visual tracking is _ and it transfers information to _
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Superior colliculus
Pulvinar |
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Nucleus responsible for diurnal rhythms is _
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Hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus
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Nuclei responsible for pupillary light reflex are _
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Accessory optic nuclei
Olivary pretectal nuclei |
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Visual field consists of _ hemifields
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Nasal and temporal
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Which hemifield of visual field always crosses to other side
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Nasal
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Pituitary tumors commonly interfere with _
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Optic chiasm
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Visual acuity is best at _
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Fovea and binocular regions
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An increase in intracranial pressure will first show up in _
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Retina (optic nerve surrounded by meninges)
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Major projection of axons from retinal ganglion cells is to _
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LGN
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There are two major streams of information leaving retina - magnocellular - from _ and with large receptive fields and axons, and parvocellular - derived from _ small receptive fields, central location
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Rods
Cones |
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Damage to the left eye or left optic nerve would result in _
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Loss of vision in left eye
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Patient presents with complete loss of vision in left eye - where is the lesion
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Left optic nerve (aneurysm)
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Patient presents with large aneurysm that compresses left optic nerve and also affects chiasm - what is the visual loss pattern
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Complete loss of visual loss in the left eye
Upper right quadrant loss of the right eye |
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Patient is diagnosed with large pituitary tumor that is pressing directly and symmetrically on chiasm - what is visual loss pattern
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Temporal hemifield of both eyes is lost
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Patient presents with contralateral homonymous hemianopia - loss of right visual field in both eyes - where is the lesion
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Optic tract
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LGN has _ layers
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6
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Layers _ of LGN have large cells (magnocellular) and layers _ have small cells (parvocellular)
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1,2
3-6 |
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Axons from temporal hemiretina ( _ visual field) terminate in layers _ of ipsilateral LGN
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Inner
2, 3, 5 |
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Axons from nasal hemiretina ( _ visual fields) terminate in layers __ of contralateral LGN
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1, 4, 6
Outer |
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Binocular vision is formed in _
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Cerebral cortex
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Primary visual cortex lies on either side of _
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Calcarine sulcus
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Superior bank of calcarine sulcus is _
Inferior bank is _ |
Cuneus
Lingual gyrus |
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Areas 18 and 19 get input from _
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Area 17 and pulvinar
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Optic radiations are formed by axons arising from _ and target _
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LGB
Primary visual cortex |
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Upper visual field arises in _ LGB and travels through _
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Ventrolateral
Meyers loop |
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Lower visual field quadrant arises in _ and travel through _
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Dorsomedial LGB
Retrolenticular limb of internal capsule |
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Patient presents with left superior homonymous quadratonopia (quarter of left upper visual field is affected) - where is the lesion
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Right Meyers loop
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Layer _ of visual cortex is wide and receives input from LGB
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4
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Fovea is represented more (posterior/anterior) then peripheral regions
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Posterior
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Takes up nearly half of primary visual cortex
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Fovea
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Damage to areas 18, 20, 21 lead to _
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Agnosias
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Patient presents with perceptual defect following stroke - condition is called
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Apperceptive agnosia
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Patient presents after stroke - he can describe objects but cant assign any meaning to them - he is suffering from _
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Associative agnosia
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Patient has object agnosia - where is the lesion (left/right)
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Left (dominant) side
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Patient presents after stroke with inability to recognize faces - name condition
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Prosopognosia
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Patient presents after stroke, he can write but he cant read - condition and which part of brain affected
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Alexia without agraphia - splenium of corpus callosum
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Patient after stroke cannot recognize colors - where is the damage and condition name
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Achromatopsia - fusiform gyrus
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Patient has lost voluntary eye movement following stroke - name condition and where lesion
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Balint syndrome
Parieto-occipital junction |
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Patient has lost ability to understand visual objects following stroke - name condition
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Asimultagnosia
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Projection to suprachiasmatic nucleus is via _
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Retinohypothalamic tract
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_ nucleus functions as biological clock, responsible for circadian rhythms
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Suprachiasmatic
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In pupillary light reflex retinal projections to _ are important
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Pretectum
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Retinal ganglion cells, pretectum neurons, Edinger Westphal nucleus, ciliary ganglion neurons and ciliary body are all involved in _
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Pupillary light reflex
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_ coordinates visual, somatic and auditory information and directs head and eyes toward stimuli
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Superior colliculus
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