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227 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Is parvo enveloped or non-enveloped?
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Non-enveloped
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How resistent is parvo virus?
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Very. Resistant to ether, heat and chloroform. Stable from pH 3-9. Can remain infectious for 12 months
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Where does parvo enter?
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Mucous membranes
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Where does parvo replicate?
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Nucleus
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What kind of nuceic acid does parvo have?
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Single stranded DNA
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Which cells does parvo like? Why?
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Cells with a high mitotic rate. It can't induce S phase. Crypt cells, bone marrow.
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How does parvo release from cell?
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Cytolysis
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In adults, which cells does parvo attack?
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Crypt cells, lymphatic tissue, bone marrow
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In neonates, which cells does parvo attack?
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All of them- pantropic. Central nervous system in cats (cerebellar hypoplasia) Myocardium in dogs.
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WHere is primary replication of parvo virus?
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In pharyngeal lymphoid tissue, since it enters via mucous membranes- mouth.
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How long is the parvo incubation period?
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2-10 days
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What is the humoral immune system response to parvo?
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Neutralizing antibodies, IgG and IgA.
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What happens to CMI during parvo infections?
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it can cause immunosuppressive, long term infections because it attacks the bone marrow.
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What are the effects of feline panleukopenia?
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enteritis amd panleukopenia in adults. Cerebellar hypoplasia, thymic atrophy and panleukopenia in neonates.
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What does parvo cause in puppies?
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Myocarditis, panleukopenia, septicemia and peracute death.
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What does porcine parvo cause?
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Reproductive problems. Resorbed or mummified piglets, depending on point of infection. After 70 days gestation the piglets will be okay.
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What is a good disinfectant for parvo?
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1 part clorox to 29 parts water.
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What is the nucleic acid in papilloma virus?
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double stranded DNA
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Why does papilloma virus like rapidly dividing cells?
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It's 8 genes are packaged with histones. The histones are only produced prior to s phase so the virus likes rapidly dividing cells.
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What are E1 and E2 genes for in papilloma viruses?
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Replication and intragenomic regulation
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What are E5, E6, and E7 genes for in papilloma virus?
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They induce cellular DNA synthesis
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Are papilloma viruses enveloped?
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No
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Where do papilloma viruses replicate?
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Nucleus
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What happens to the papilloma virus genome?
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It can persist as an episome.
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How is papilloma virus spread?
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Via direct contact- wounds in epithelium.
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How do you disinfect papilloma virus contaminated surfaces?
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Bleach
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Is incubation period of papilloma viruses long or short?
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Short
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Which cells are permissive for papilloma viruses?
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keratinizing layer cells.
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Which cells are semi and non-permissive for papilloma viruses?
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Dermal and basal layer cells
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How does transformation occur in papilloma infections? (neoplasia)
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Viral genome integrates into cellular DNA in such a way that viral E1 and E2 genes are disrupted. This is rare.
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What happens in the basal layer during a papilloma infection?
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The virus induces s-phase, theres a persistant expression of viral genome leading to hyperplasia.
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What happens in the keratinizing cells in a papilloma virus infection?
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There is a productive lytic infection.
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WHat causes equine sarcoids?
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BOVINE papilloma virus.
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Which adenoviruses are in mammals?
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mastadenovirus
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Which adenoviruses are in birds?
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Aviadenoviruses
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Is adenovirus enveloped?
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No.
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are adenoviruses species specific?
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Yes
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What determines species specificity in adenoviruses?
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Fibers and pentomeres
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What are the pentamer fibers for on adenoviruses?
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Attachment
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What kind of nucleic acids do adenoviruses have?
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Double stranded DNA
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Where do adenoviruses replicate?
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Nucleus.
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What is special about adenovirus replication?
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They have temporal and regional transcription. 4 time periods and 4 promoters
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What are adenovirus master genes?
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E1A and E1B
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How do adenoviruses release?
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Cytolysis
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What is the tropism of adenoviruses?
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Epithelial cells. Wide organ range so can go systemic
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How do adenoviruses transmit?
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Fecal-oral, aerosols, urine (due to infection of kidney epithelium)
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How long is the adenovirus incubation period?
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Weeks
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Where is primary point of replication of adenovirus?
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Site of entry: pharynx, conjunctiva, small intestines
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What is the antigen in adenoviruses?
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The fibers
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Do adenovirus infections tend to spread?
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No they usually remain localized
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What is the virus behind canine infectious hepatiis?
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Canine adenovirus type 1
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Where are the principle lesions in canine infectious hepatitis?
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Hepatocyte epithelium- cytolysis causes hemorrhage and encephalitis
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What is kennel cough?
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Canine adenovirus type 2
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What can cause glomerulonephritis?
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canine adenovirus
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What is the course of canine adenovirus?
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tonsils to cervical lymph nodes to thoracic duct to blood then to liver, kidney, eye
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What can immune complexes cause in relation to canine adenovirus?
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Blue eye and glomerulonephritis
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Why is adenovirus hard to control?
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Persists in lymphoid tissues and are shed for a long time.
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Why are there so few vaccines for adenoviruses?
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Too many serotypes
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What is the shape of pox virus?
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Complex.
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What kind of nucleic acids does pox virus have?
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Double stranded DNA
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Are pox viruses enveloped?
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Some are, some aren't.
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What is the tropism of pox virus?
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Epithelial cells
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Are epithelial cells permissive for pox virus?
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Yes
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What leads to a systemic pox infection?
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Respiratory route, which leads to viremia via semi-permissive macrophages
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What leads to a localized poxvirus infection?
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Innoculation through the skin via skin lesions.
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How long is the pox virus incubation period?
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Short- a week
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Is there vertical transmission of pox virus?
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No. Only via skin abrasions, respiratory, mechanical vectors like arthropods
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What is the immune response like with pox viruses?
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Short lived in the localized infection. It's hard for antibodies and CMI to get to it. Reinfection is common with localized infection, but not so much with systemic
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Is cowpox zoonotic?
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Yes!
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What is the reservoir for cow pox?
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Rodents
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What is Orf?
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Contagious pustular dermatitis. A parapoxvirus.
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Is orf zoonotic?
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Yes
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How does orf manifest in young animals?
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As oral lesions. Babies starve because they won't eat.
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How does orf manifest in adult animal?
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Localized to eyelids, feet and teats, or generalized "malignant" orf
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Why revaccinate against orf often?
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Immunity is short lived in pox viruses
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Is pseudocowpox zoonotic?
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Yes
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Where are the lesions in pseudocowpox?
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Localized to teats and mouths of nursing calves.
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What is the pathognomonic lesion of pseudocowpox?
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A ring or horseshoe scab
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What is the dry form of fowlpox virus?
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A skin infection of comb, wattles, beak
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What is the wet form of fowlpox virus?
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Diptheric lesions of mouth, pharynx, larynx and trachea
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What kind of nucleic acid do herpes viruses have?
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Double stranded DNA
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Are herpesviruses enveloped?
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Yes, and pleomorphic
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Do herpesviruses have matrix proteins?
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No.
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What is the characteristic of an alphaherpesvirus?
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Cytolytic and rapid infections. 24 hour replication time.
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Where do alphaherpesvirus latent infections hang out?
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Sensory nerve ganglia
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Are alphaherpesviruses host specific?
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No, but only go latent in natural host.
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What is the characteristic of a betaherpesvirus?
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More slowly replicating. Cytomegalia (giant cells)
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Are betaherpesviruses host specific?
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Yes. (mother to baby scenario)
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Where do latent infections of betaherpesviruses hang out?
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Secretory glands, lymphoreticular tissue, kidneys, mammary glands
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Where do gammaherpesviruses replicate?
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B or T cells
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What do gammaherpesviruses cause?
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lymphoproliferative disorders, lytic infections.
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Where do latent infections by gammaherpesviruses hang out?
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lymphoid tissues
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Where do herpesviruses replicate?
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Nucleus. Remains an EPISOME
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WHat do herpesviruses do to cellular biosynthesis components?
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Usurp them. They shut down 2-3 hours after infection
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How do herpesviruses get their envelopes?
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They bud from the inner lamellae of the nuclear membrane. Progeny accumulate in the ER cisternae, then they bud from the ER to form cytoplasmic vesicles. Release via exocytosis or cytolysis in the case of alpha and beta herpesviruses
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Do herpesviruses form syncytia?
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Yes!
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What are the significant alphaherpesviruses?
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BHV 1, BHV 2, EHV 1, EHV 4
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What do alphaherpesviruses effect?
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Mucosal surfaces of respiratory and urogenital systems, plus cause skin vesicles, pustules and ulcers
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What do betaherpesviruses effect?
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Respiratory system in adults. Systemic in fetuses and neonates. Cause reproduction problems
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Which of the herpes viruses is really transmitted through milk to offspring?
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Betaherpesvirus
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What is the benefit of vaccinating against herpes?
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Reduces the severity of the disease and lessens tissue destruction
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What are the characteristics of BHV?
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Causes IBR- "red nose" Spread via aerosol. Sheds from epithelium/mucosal surfaces.
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How does BHV-1 disseminate?
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Via cell-associated viremia or direct neuronal spread from upper respiratory tract or tonsils. Can cause encephalitis
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What does EHV-1 cause?
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Abortion, respiratory and neuro problems
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How is EHV-1 causing myeloencephalopathy?
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It's a one point mutation, now neuropathogenic. Cytolysis so neurons are destroyed
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What is the other name for EHV-4?
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Equine rhinopneumonitis
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What does EHV-4 cause in young horses?
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Acute respiratory problems after weaning
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What does EHV-4 cause in adults?
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subclinical respiratory or neurologic disease, sporadic abortions
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What does feline herpesvirus cause in young cats?
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Acute to chronic rhinotracheitis. stomatitis, ulcerative keratoconjunctivitis. NOT oral ulcers
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What does feline herpesvirus cause in adult cats?
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recurrent subclinical production infection, abortion, herpetic ulcerative dermatitis
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In Marek's disease, what are the permissive cells?
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Epithelium- feather follicle and respiratory
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What are the semi-permisive cells in marek's disease?
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lymphoblastoid cells. Can be transformed to produce lymphomas
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What is the course of marek's infection?
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Inhale dander, replicate in respiratory epithelium, cell associated viremia, lymphoid cells infected, polyneuritis and lymphoproliferation.
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What are the four forms of Marek's
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Neurolympomatosis (classic), ocular lymphomatosis (grey eye), acute marek's (respiratory), cutaneous (lymphoproliferation in skin)
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How is pseudorabies transmitted?
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via respiration (aerosols) and ingestion
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When does pseudorabies cause "mad itch"?
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When sheep are bitten by pigs with disease.
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What kind of virus causes bovine malignant catarrhal fever?
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gammaherpesvirus
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What is the tropism for bovine malignant catarrhal fever?
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lymphoid and epithelial cells
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Are asfaviridae enveloped?
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yes
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What is asfarviridae sensitive to?
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ether, chloroform, heat.
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Is asfarviridae pH stable?
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Yes. From 4-13.
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Where does asfarviridae replicate?
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In cytoplasm (makes inclusion bodies)
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What is the tropism of asfarviridae?
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lymphoreticular tissues. Macrophages and monocytes lead to viremia
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How are asfarviridae transmitted?
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Only horizontally via respiratory aerosols and SOFT TICKS. Only DNA arbovirus. ANd via ingestion of infected pork
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What kind of nucleic acid do asfarviridae have?
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Double stranded DNA
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What is the primary site of replication of asfarviridae?
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Site of entry- tonsils. Then cell-associated viremia- lasts months. Spread to all tissues
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How long is the asfarviridae incubation period?
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5-15 days
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What is the host response to asfarviridae?
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Non-neutralizing antibodies and hypergammaglobulinemia
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What does peracte african swine fever cause?
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Hemorrhage, abortion and death
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What does acute african swine fever cause?
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febrile hemorrhage disease 95-100% FATAL. Causes lymphatic and vascular hemorrhage
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What is chronic african swine fever like?
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Cutaneous ulcers. Can cause immune complex disease due to non-neutralizing antibodies
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What is the reservoir of subclincal african swine fever?
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Wild warthogs- enzootic
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What are soem signs of african swine fever?
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Turkey egg kidney, enlarged hemorrhagic spleen, thrombocytopenia, fever for 3-4 days, leukopenia
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What kind of nucleic acid do rhabdoviruses have?
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single stranded RNA negative sense
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What is the L protein in the rhabdoviruses?
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RNA polymerase kinase
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Where do rhabdoviruses replicate?
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Cytoplasm
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What is the tropism of rhabdoviruses?
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neurons and secretory epithelium
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Are rhabdoviruses enveloped?
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Yes, and helical and bullet shaped
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How long is the incubation period of vesicular stomatitis?
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short
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What kind of virus is vesicular stomatitis?
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Rhabdovirus
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What is the tropism of VSV?
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Epthelium
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Where do the lesions present in VSV?
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Tongue, snout, coronary bands
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What disease must VSV be differentiated from?
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FMD
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HOW IS VSV TRANSMITTED?
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Horizontally through the high titer of virus in vesicles
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Is VSV reportable?
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Yes
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How many serotypes of VSV are there?
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2. IN and NJ
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What kind of virus is rabies?
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A lyssa virus and a rhabdovirus
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What are negri bodies?
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Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
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How long is the rabies incubation period?
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14 to 90 days
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How is rabies transmitted?
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Through skin/muscle lesions, respiratory tract, conjunctiva, corneal transplants
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Where is the primary site f rabies replication?
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site of entry- non-neuronal tissues. Invades nerve endings at acetylcholine receptors
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Where is the secondary site of rabies replication?
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limbic system, cerebellum, hippocampus, medulla
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What part of the brain in effected in the furious form of rabies?
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cerebrum. Also causes paralysis of laryngeal muscles and excess salivation, causes foaming
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What part of the brain is effected in the dumb form of rabies?
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neocortex
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How long can dogs shed rabies before clinical signs appear?
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3-5 days
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How long can bats shed rabies before clinical signs appear?
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2 weeks
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When do neutralizing antibodies to rabies peak?
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10-21 days post infection
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What do orthomyxoviruses have affinity for?
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mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins containing sialic acid. So like respiratory mucosa
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How many segments are in the orthomyxovirus genome? How many proteins are coded for?
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8. 10 proteins
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What is the target for neutralizing antibodies in orthomyxoviruses?
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hemoglutinin (H1- H6)
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What is the shape of orthomyxoviruses?
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spherical or filamentous
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Are orthomyxoviruses enveloped?
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Yes
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What is hemagluttinin for?
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It's a virulence factor. Used for attachment and uncoating within endosomal vesdicles
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What is neuraminidase for? What virus is it associated with
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For freeing progeny from cell receptors. It cleaves sialic acid. Orthomyxoviruses
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What are the receptors for orthomyxoviruses?
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Sialic acid residues
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Where do orthomyxoviruses replicate?
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Nucleus
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What restricts orthomyxovirus hosts?
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The H proteins have to be cleaved by particular cellular proteolysis to be active or progeny wont be virulent.
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What is tropism of orthomyxovirus in birds?
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GI epithelium (spread via feces)
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What is the reservoir of orthomyxoviruses?
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Aquatic birds
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What does PB1-F2 do in orthomyxovirus?
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Alternate reading frame induces apoptosis in monocytes
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What do orthomyxoviruses damage?
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respiratory epithelium, mucociliary apparatus.
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Why is there often recurrent infection with orthomyxoviruses?
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antigenic shift and antigenic drift
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What happens in antigenic shift?
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Whole genes are reassorted with co-infecting viruses.
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What characterizes the immune response to orthomyxoviruses?
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short duration of humoral response. Neutralizing antibodies against H protein, secretory antibodies (IgA). CMI leads to recovery
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What cells do the VAPS from Influenza A prefer?
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Ciliated cells
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What kind of sialic acid linkages do pigs and humans have?
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alpha 2, 6
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What kind of sialic acid linkages do horses and birds have?
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alpha 2. 3
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What are the four subtypes of Swine influenza?
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H1N1, H3N2, H1N2, H2N3
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What is classic swine influenza?
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H1N1. Causes fever, 100% morbidity, low mortality. Caused Spanish Flu
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What are the serotypes of equine influenza?
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H7N7, H3N8
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Why must you vaccinate every 3-6 months for Equine influenza?
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Host immune response is short lived
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What is "fowl plague"?
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Avian influenza H5N2
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Which avian influenzas have infected people?
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H5N1, H7N7, H9N2
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What are the signs of avian influenza?
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Acute respiratory disease.
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How is avian influenza transmitted?
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Orofecal, mechanical.
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What kinds of nucleic acid do retroviruses have?
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single stranded positive sense RNA- diploid
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What are the five genes coded by retroviruses?
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gag, protease, polymerase, envelope glycoproteins, LTR
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Are retroviruses enveloped?
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Yes
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Does the retrovirus genome integrate?
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Sometimes, sometimes it remains as an episome. When it integrates it usually makes no progeny or pathogenesis
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How do retroviruses enter cells?
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Via fusion or receptor mediated endocytosis
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How are retroviruses released?
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Via budding. No lysis immediately, but cellular disfunction occurs
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Why are there lots of mutations in retrovirus genomes?
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no proofreading function. Lots of recombination between viral genome and cellular genes
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How do v-onc+ viruses induce transformation?
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Gets continually expressed somehow.
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How do v-onc- viruses induce transformation?
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It inserts near cellular proto-oncogenes (insertional mutagenesis)
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What is the humoral response to retroviruses?
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neutralizing antibodies, complement
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What is the CMI response to retroviruses?
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ADCC directed against viral specified non-structural proteins expressed on surface of transformed cells
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Is avian leukosis v-onc positive or negative?
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negative (replication competent)
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When does avian leukosis become pathogenic?
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When it is vertically transmitted. Chicks get persistent viremia
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What diseases does avian leukosis cause?
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lymphoid leukosis and visceral lymphomatosis. Also osteopetrosis (thick legs)
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Is Rous sarcoma virus v-onc positive or negative?
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v-onc positive
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What is the helper virus for rous sarcoma virus?
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Avian Leukosis Virus
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What happens when rous sarcoma virus infects?
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Rapid transformation because it's v-onc+. Causes erythroblastosis, myeloblastosis, myelocytomalosis
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What s the tropism of bovine leukemia virus?
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B lymphocytes
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What is the tropism of feline leukemia virus?
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myeloid precursors and thrombocytes
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What is the v-onc positive friend of FeLV?
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Feline sarcoma virus
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What is the course of FeLV?
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Primary replication in lymphoid tissues then primary viremia via lymphocytes then secondary replication in spleen, bone marrow, then secondary viremia via neutrophils and platelets then systemic infection of epithelial cells. Shed in saliva and urine
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When can you detect primary viremia of FeLV? What do you use?
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1-14 days post infection. ELISA
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When can you detect secondary viremia of FeLV? What do you use?
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14-28 days post infection. IFA Hardy's test
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When is FeLV shed?
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more than 4 weeks post infection
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If an animal responds immunologically to FeLV, what will the ELISA and IFA tests show?
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Negative
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If a cat doesn't respond immunologically to FeLV what will ELISA, IFA and anti-FOCMA tests show?
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Positive ELISA and IFA, negative FOCMA
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What is the most common outcome of FeLV?
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Degenerative disease- due to shut down of bone marrow
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What is the proliferative neoplastic disease associated with FeLV?
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Lymphosarcoma.
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What is the tropism for VISNA, MAEDI, OPP and CAE?
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Macrophages
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What is the incubation period for VMO and C?
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long-months to years
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How are Visna/maedi etc transmitted?
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respiratory aerosols and milk
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Is equine infectious anemia reportable?
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Yes
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What is the tropism of equine infectious anemia?
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lymphocytes and macrophages
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What kind of virus is equine infectious anemia?
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retrovirus
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Why are there recurrent episodes of recurrent disease with equine infectious anemia?
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Mutation of viral genome
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How is equine infectious anemia mainly transmitted?
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Via arthropods (mechanical) Also milk, saliva and urine
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What is the tropism of FIV?
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B lymphocytes, CD4 and CD8 T cells, macrophages
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How long is the incubation period of FIV?
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months to years
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How is FIV transmitted
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Only horizontally via saliva
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What is the chronic form of FIV disease?
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loss of erythroid stem cells, so anemia
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What are the signs of acute FIV?
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neutropenia, pancytopenia, lymphcytosis, CNS infection
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What is the immune response to FIV?
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Anti-FIV antibodies (don't work)
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