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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List three methods of Human to Human Infection and give an example of each
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A. Blood transfusion/injection
- HSV B. Fecal-oral - Polio C. Venereal - HIV |
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What is a Zoonoses
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Infection spread from animals
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Give three examples of Zoonoses
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1. Biting arthropod vector
2. Vertebrate reservior 3. Vertebrate reservior/arthropod vector |
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Index Case
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The first person you can trace the virus to
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T/F:
Respiratory viruses spread very quickly |
T
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Describe the Mouse Pox Virus Experiment
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Infection at day 0; Symptoms don't start until after a week; at that time the virus is already viremia
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Viremia
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Prescence of virus in the bloodstream
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Describe Mouse experiment for Rabies
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Steps:
1. Virus innoculated, replication in muscle 2. Replication in dorsal ganglion 3. Rapid ascent into spinal chord 4. Infection of spinal chord, brain stem, 5. Descending infection via sensory structures |
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Describe experiment for Mouse Herpes Simplex Experiment
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Mouse may/may not survive
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Name some bats
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Bats are very diverse
-Pallio bat, Western Bat, Red Bat, Little Brown Bat, Townsend's Big Ear Bat, Large flying fox bat |
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How many species of mammals are there; how many are bats?
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Of the more than 4,600 recognized species of mammals, 1,116 or 25% are bats.
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Name the two suborders of bats and the # of families in each.
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A. Megachiroptera
- one single family B. Microchiroptera - 17 families |
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Total # of viruses isolated from bats of various species
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77
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Name some recently emerged bat borne viruses
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1. Hendra
2. Menangle 3. Tioman 4. Nipah |
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Manangle Virus
- Where - What happened |
Mild illness in ppl. at piggery in New South Wales. Menangle virus isolated from roosting bats near piggery
Paramyxoviridae |
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Tioman Virus
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Isolated from fruit bats
No disease recognized in humans |
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Nipah Virus
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Paramyxoviridae
Isolated from fruit bats (-) ssRNA |
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Hendra Virus
- Where - What Happened |
-Sept. 1994
-Queensland, Australia -Horse trainer, stablehand, and horses became ill -trainer and 14 horses died -Samples sent to AAHL - New virus; Paramyxoviridae |
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Discuss virus maintenance in small populations
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In small populations, infection can only occur when there is immunogenically insufficient individuals. So the virus has to be able to maintain itself in an infectious state long after the individuals have been infected. Preferred from parent to child
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T/F:
High mortality rates or severe disease symptoms are selected for |
FALSE
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Small polulation characteristics
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Parent or Elder
- persistent virus infection with episodic shedding Baby - mild infection establishing persistence -Spreading virus to next generation and rarely to other small groups via chance encounters |
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Importance of Large groups
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In a large population, there will be a large number of susceptible individuals appearing at the same time. This results in local episodic infections.
Persistance not stronly selected for. Ensures that some form of infectious virus is available at all times. |
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Leading infectious killer for ages over five and under five
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Acute respiratory infections (pneumonia and influenza)
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Leading infectious killer for ages over five
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HIV
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Leading infectious killer for ages under five
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Diarrheal
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T/F:
TB kills more people over the age of five than under |
TRUE;
TB kills far more people over age of five than under. |
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T/F:
Measles is almost selectively killer in ages under five |
TRUE
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When does Rubella pass from mother to child
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During the first trimester
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What gets determined by cell tropism? What are the classes?
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The disease.
Localized or Disseminated |
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What is a localized virus and what is an example?
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Viral infection localized to the site of inoculation; spreads within epithelium and is contained by tissue structure and immune system
EX: Human papillomaviruses skin warts |
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What is vertical transmission; give an example.
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Vertical transmission that can cross the placenta; is infection from mother to fetus;
Rubella |
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Example of localized virus of the respiratory tract
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Influenza; Virus replicates and is shed from the body surface;
highly infectious |
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How is disseminated viral infection carried out?
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Dissemination occurs via the blood (viremia) or lymphatic system.
The virus may travel free in the plasma but usually hitches a ride on monocytes or lymphocytes |
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Give an example of a disseminated virus that travels via the nervous system
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Rabies
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Give some examples of some generalized viral infections
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Measles
Mumps Hemorrhagic fever Rabies |
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What is tropism?
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Tropism is a predilection or nitch a virus may have to replicate and survive better in a specific type of organ, tissue or specialized cell type
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What is the basis for viral tropism?
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1. An appropriate cell surface molecule to act as a virus receptor; susceptibility
2. Appropriate cell transcription facctors to switch on viral genes and/or cell enzyme pathways to produce viral proteins "permissivity" |
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Complete:
Virus: HIV Receptor: Cell Type: |
Virus: HIV
Receptor: CD4 cells Cell Type: T helper cells |
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Complete:
Virus: Influenza Receptor: Cell Type: |
Virus: Influenza
Receptor: Sialic Acid Cell Type: many cells |