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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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crime victim |
persons who, independently, or collectively, have suffered harm |
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is a person who has been injured by the negligent acts of another a crime victim? |
NO |
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is a person who is harmed by a natural disaster a crime victim? |
NO` |
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in what type of crime do indirect or secondary victims get the rights of the direct/primary victims? |
murder
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direct/primary crime victim
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person injured by the crime
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indirect/secondary crime victim
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person injured as a result of their relationship to the victim |
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violent victimization has ben declining since the early _____s, but between ____ and ____, there was the first measure increase in violent victimizations since he drop began
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"1990s, but between 2010 and 2011" |
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which of the following are more likely victims of homicide: young children, teens/young adults, adults, elderly people? |
teens and young adults |
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rape and sexual assault has followed the [upward or downward] trend of the crime drop until 2005. |
downward |
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domestic violence |
crime committed within the home |
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has domestic violence increased or decreased from 2005 to 2014? |
increased |
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intimate partner violence |
crime committed between current or former intimate partners |
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has intimate partner violence increased or decreased from 2005 to 2014? |
increased |
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do men or women have a higher rate of violent victimization? |
men |
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have rates of violent victimization for both men and women increased or decreased since 2005? |
decreased |
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what racial groups have the highest, and second highest rates of violent victimization: white, hispanic, african american, multi-racial, island pacifier, american indian, and/or asian? |
multi-racial; american indian |
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in the past, what geographical region/area in the US had the lowest rates of victimization? |
south |
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in 2014, which US region has (slightly) the lowest rate of victimization? |
northeast |
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what are the 5 impacts of victimization? |
physical, psychological, emotional, interpersonal, and financial |
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of the following, what is the most concrete impact of victimization: physical, psychological, emotional, interpersonal, financial? |
physical |
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what are the three elements of criminal violence? |
1) it's a traumatic event for the victim 2) it's a reckless or deliberate action on the part of another person 3) it can be a single event, repeated events, or a prolonged event |
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what's a traumatic event? |
-an experience that is outside of the normal human experience and that causes physical, emotional, or psychological distress or harm -makes the victim feel as if they're going to die |
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true or false: the younger you are when you're victimized, the easier it is to become healthier again |
false; the younger you are, the more of an impact the victimization usually has on you |
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resilience |
one's ability to return to healthy functioning after a traumatic event by drawing on their personal belief's, behaviors, skills, and attitudes to regain their assumptive world |
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assumptive world |
-a strongly held set of beliefs about the world and our place in the world that is used to recognize, plan, and act -resilience helps people get a new one of these |
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responses to crisis and trauma |
1) impact phase (situational crisis reaction, where a person's personality will be disorganized; i.e. denial-avoidance-minimization is the most common reaction) 2) adjustment phase (when the victim's body and mind subconsciously begin to adjust in order to recreate a new assumptive world; the most painful phase; victim looks as of they're back to normal; this phase lasts much longer than the impact phase) 3) reorganization, integration, and resolution (victim will feel as if their life is reestablished because the victim has created a new assumptive world) |
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what is the only disorder that REQUIRES trauma? |
PTSD |
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PTSD |
1) traumatic event occurs 2) intrusion 3) avoidance 4) hyper-vigilance -this is most often associated with war, although sex violence victims are the most likely to have it |
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how long do you have to wait after the trauma in order to diagnose PTSD? |
at least 3 months |
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true or false: victims who report the crime and participate in the criminal justice process have higher rates of developing PTSD. |
true |
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compounded stressors |
there are two stressors present |
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poly-victimization vs. repeated trauma |
-poly-victimization is the exposure to more than one criminal event (multiple events/ different people involved/ at different times) during the course of the victim's life -repeated trauma is when a person is victimized more than once within one relationship |
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what is the best way to hand poly-victimization? |
interventions early and often |
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cycle of violence |
acute/crisis (when someone gets hurt)-> honeymoon-> tension building -> [back to acute/crisis, and then repeat] |
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"honeymoon phase" |
relationships are not abusive from point A to point B, there are often times "honeymoon phases" in which things seem great and normal |
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5 parts of the nested ecological model of intimate partner violence |
1) cultural and social context 2) institutional response (i.e. community and legal interventions) 3) tangible and economic resources (i.e. employment, housing, transportation, insurance, etc.) 4) social networks (i.e. intimate partner relationship characteristics, children, other social/personal relationships, etc.) 5) individual characteristics (i.e. psychosocial history, medical history and health status, use of violence/abuse, etc.) |
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what parts of the brain are activated during a traumatic experience? |
the amygdala and the hippocampus are the brain's "fight, flight, freeze" circuitry |
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what part of the brain shuts down during trauma? |
the pre-frontal cortex |
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what is the neurobiological trend when it comes to 'memory and coding'? |
the stress hormones impart the pre-frontal cortex -> attention to detail driven by the fear circuitry -> release of stress hormones, which alters the functioning of the hippocampus -> fragmentary memories |
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colonial era of criminal justice |
-centered around the needs of the victim and restoring the victim -"eye for an eye" |
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constitutional era of criminal justice |
-Bill of Rights were created -redefined crimes as an act against the society rather than the actual victim (this removed the victim from the process) |
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Victims of Crime Act (VCA) |
-states that there needs to be a finding-source in order to support/help victims after the crime -the majority of this money comes from "Offenders' Fines and Fees" -created the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC), which implemented the President's Task Force for Victims of Crime |
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due process |
notice and a right to be heard |
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6 core rights of crime victims |
1) info and referrals (victims must either be orally told, or written into about the crime, the criminal justice system, and their rights) 2) notification (victims have the right to be notified of all significant events related to their criminal case, like an indictment) 3) attendance (can be present at all proceedings except Grand Jury proceedings) 4) participation (victim impact statement) 5) financial reimbursement (compensation is reimbursement from the state; restitution is reimbursement from convicted offender; civil litigation is when the victim sues the offender or another third party for damages that resulted from the crime) 6) protection |
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public vs. private victim service organizations |
public: "system-based programs" in which help the victim through the process private: "community-based programs" in which help the victim through whatever program they choose to be in -you're more likely to receive help from the system-based programs because they're more general |
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Booth v Maryland -> Payne v Tennessee |
Booth v Maryland (came first): ruled that a victim impact statement should NOT be given after sentencing Payne v Tennessee (came second): ruled that a victim impact statement in a death penalty case is okay if they don't give a recommendation of death as a sentence |
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"Empowerment Model" for victims' rights
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-individuals are the experts in their own life and this model therefore advocates for what the victim says are their needs -helps identify options of support and decisions -most effective for long-term healing |
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"Vertical Advocacy" for victims' rights |
-maintaining the same advocate from the point that the victim enters the system to the point that they are done with the system |
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why are victimizations generally not reported to the police? |
-mostly b/c "they dealt with it in another way/ignored it", then because "it's not important enough for them to report it", and then "b/c police would/could not help" -the reasoning that police would/could not help has actually increased since then |
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un-founding |
a way of categorizing a case that says "I can't prove this case by a reasonable doubt, so I'm declaring it void".... this DOES NOT mean that the police believe that the victim made a false report |
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the prosecutor acts on behalf of who? |
the state, not the victim |
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there are many factors of prosecutorial discretion, like what? |
victim characteristics, circumstances, and their willingness to testify |
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what is a HUGE responsibility of corrections when related to victims' rights? |
notification |
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community corrections |
when sentence is being served in the community (i.e. house arrest) |
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institutional corrections |
jail (under 18 months) and prison (over 18 months) |
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victim impact panels |
when offender's sentenced to listen to victims talk about their experiences (this is not interactive, and you, as an offender, do not have to agree to it) |
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victim-offender mediation |
administered by a trained mediator (interactive and you, as an offender, have to agree to it) |
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"son of sam laws" |
-David Berkowitz -designed to keep criminals from profiting form the publicity of their crimes (they cannot sell their stories to publishers) |
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victim representation |
victim's represented in a collateral proceeding (i.e. landlord/tenant laws) |
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victim litigation |
-a victim's-rights-attorney operating within the criminal justice system to advocate for their rights in the criminal trial (rights such as privacy, restitution, the right to be in the court room, the right to give a victim impact statement, etc.) |
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administrative compliance |
when a state sets up an entity to audit and investigate agencies for non-compliance of victim's rights (i.e. office of IG) |
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components of a "Victim-Centered System" |
-validation from the community that the victim was harmed -acknowledgement from the offender that there was an offense and the victim was harmed -punishment needs to reflect accountability -punishment needs to reflect a reintegration of the victim back into the community -safety for the victim and the community -exposure of the offender's wrongdoing |
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restorative justice |
-developed by John Braithwaite -a way of restoring an offender and a victim to their communities; an alternative to our criminal justice process -aims are to reduce victim fear and anger toward the offender, allow the victim to tell their story, offenders to acknowledge harm and apologize, and for the offender to make-up for what they did |
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can the community be counted on in all crimes (when it comes to restorative justice)? |
NO |
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history of the Missing, Exploited, and Abused Children's Movement |
Mary Ellen -> Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act -> Missing Children's Assistance Act -> Victims of Child Abuse Act -> Homicide by Abuse |
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emotional abuse (against children) |
the habitual verbal harassment of a child by disparagement, criticism, threat, and ridicule (i.e. threats, belittling, shaming) |
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child neglect |
the failure to provide care for a child for whom you have a responsibility of care (i.e. abandonment, inadequate supervision, failure to provide adequate medical care, denial of nurturing and affection) |
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physical abuse (against children) |
any assault of false imprisonment of a child by a caregiver (i.e. punching, kicking, shaking, burning, extended confinement, shaken baby syndrome) |
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sexual abuse (against children) |
any sexual relations with a child by a caregiver (i.e. incest, fondling, sex, rape, prostitution, porn) |
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sexual assault (against children) |
any sexual activity with a child by a person not a caregiver to the child (consensual or non-consensual) |
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kidnapping |
-long-term abduction of children by non-family member (most rare, but people are most scared of this) -short-term abduction by non-family member (most common, and these victims are often dead within the first 48 hours) -long-ter abduction by family members |
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what type of crime against children came to light when Columbine took place? |
bullying |
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psychological impact of child victimization |
-hostile-aggressive behavior -delinquency -self-injury -age inappropriate sexual knowledge, talk, and involvement (this is the number 1 warning sign that a child has been a victim of sexual assault/abuse) -Stockholm Syndrome |
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Stockholm Syndrome |
-perceived threat to survival -belief that the captor is willing and able to act on the threat -perception of small kindness from the captor -isolation of perspectives other than those of the captor -PERCEIVED INABILITY TO ESCAPE *most common with children, but came to light by the adult case "Hearst" |
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system responses to child victimization |
-Children's Advocacy Centers -Child Death Review Teams -Mandatory Reporting -Sex Offender Registration -Community Notification -Response to Missing Children -Children in the Courtroom |
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Children's Advocacy Centers |
-where children are interviewed ONE time |
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Mandatory Reporting |
required certain licensed professionals to report child abuse |
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Sex Offender Registration |
-Jacob Wetterling Act (1994): if you are a sex offender, you have to register as such at the police department of the city in which you live |
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Community Notification |
-Megan's Law (1996): requires that the local police department notice neighboring citizens if an offender lives near them |
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Response to Missing Children |
-National Child Search Assistance Act -Code ADAM -PROTECT Act: Amber Alert |
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Children in the Courtroom |
-presumptive of child witness competency ("Victims of Child Abuse Act") -closure of courtroom ("Victims of Child Abuse Act") -use of anatomical dolls ("Victims of Child Abuse Act") -Guardian ad Litem ("Victims of Child Abuse Act") -court-appointed special advocate -kiddie court -closed circuit t.v. ("Victims of Child Abuse Act" and "MD v Craig") |
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Rule on Witnesses |
a rule that was historically used, and is sometimes used today, in order to exclude the victim from the courtroom prior to the witness' testimony or after the witness' testimony if the defense is interested in recalling the victim to testify. |
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Which demographic group has the highest rate of homicide? |
teens, aged 14 - 17 |
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true or false: men and women have equally high rates of victimization? |
false |
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true or false: in 2014 the northeast had (slightly) the lowest rate of victimization? |
true |
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pathways to poly-victimization |
-residing in dangerous communities -living in a dangerous family -having a chaotic multi-problem family environment -having emotional problems that increase risk behavior, gender antagonism, and compromise the capacity to protect oneself |
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what does a situational crisis reaction refer to, and what is it likely characterized by? |
-a victim's disordered and immediate reaction to trauma -a traumatic response which occurs during the crisis or acute period after trauma -likely to be characterized by personality disorganization |
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complex trauma |
repeated or extreme exposure to traumatic events with compounding stressors (i.e. trauma that is associated with a person's identity) |
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what are examples of hyper-arousal during trauma? |
fight, flight, freeze |
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what are examples of hypo-arousal during trauma? |
-dissociation (your body is disconnecting from your brain) -tonic immobility (body is rigid) -collapsed immobility (body is limp) |
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true or false: victim service providers in public or systems-based services are required to advocate for the victim above any other entity? |
false |
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which US president is credited for starting the crime victims' rights movement? |
Ronald Reagan |
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what practice was endorsed by Judith Herman? |
allowing an adult victim to testify against an offender via closed circuit t.v. |
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the child protection, or child advocacy movement, was started by what high profile case? |
the case of "Mary Ellen" |
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why is the "abuse" of a child treated different than the "assault "of a child? |
-children of abuse are often conflicted by ambiguity in their relationship with the perpetrator -when there is abuse, the perpetrator targets that child and grooms that child for the abuse |
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Aileen Wuornos from "The Monster in All of Us" |
-dubbed one of american's first serial killers after being implicated in 8 murders -she was both a victim and a perpetrator (first a victim, the perpetrator) -this article shows that there is not a great divide between people to whom terrible things are done, and people who do terrible things |
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Germanwings Pilot Andreas Lubitz |
-"purposely" (?) crashed a plane and killed himself and 149 other passengers -mentally ill, causing re-stigmatization of the 20% of people with mental illness that don't commit crimes |
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Seth Mazzaglia, the murderer of Lizzie |
he didn't want to attend his sentencing because he didn't want to hear the family's victim impact statements |
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According to the article written about the Pentagon police officer, how did the trauma of 9/11 affect his memory of the events? |
he was unable to remember a coherent or cohesive chronology of the events |
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Alfredo, the victim that was stabbed and had irreversible brain damage |
-our overloaded criminal justice system made it so that it took 41 court dates in order to close the case against his attacker |
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according to the Boston Globe article about the Children's Struggle in the Aftermath of Marathon Bombings, how were the children impacted? |
-approx. 10% of the general population of children exposed to the attacks are experiencing PTSD -approx. 25% of children who witnessed major injuries or witnessed crisis medical response are experiencing PTSD -approx. 50% of children who were at the race and had a friend/family member injured or killed are now experiencing PTSD |
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Rob Alexander Jr., a witness that was shot and killed |
-it is believed that many witnessed are killed so that they are unable to help authorities identify offenders in court |
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according to the class readings, the percent of victims of serious violent crimes who received assistance from victim service agencies has increased or decreased over time? |
decreased |
