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102 Cards in this Set

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How does an abscess form?
An abscess forms when an infected bite wound heals over on the surface sealing the infection inside.
Clinical signs of ear infections include:
Odor, ear scratching, head shaking, irritated skin and decrease in hair on outside of pinna.
The most common cause of conjunctivitis in young cats starts with a / an _________ infection.
Virus.
The optimum environment for fleas is _________ degrees F and _______% humidity.
70-85 and 70
The majority of fleas in an infested environment is in the ______ stage.
Egg
True or False: All natural shampoos are hypoallergenic.
False.
True or False: Cats do not have as many ear problems as do dogs.
Truse.
Truse or False: You should always use a q-tip to clean out the ear canals of dogs and cats.
False.
Clinical signs of anal gland/sac disorders may include:
Scooting, Licking, abmornal tail position, swelling near the anus.
The disorder of the anal sacs where the sacs fail to empty properly and the normal secretions accumulate in the sac is known as:
Impaction.
The most effective topical agent is:
Water.
Do NOT use collars or products containing__________ in cats:
Permethrin, organophosphates or Amitraz.
The agent which inhibits or reduces the production of sebum by the sebaceous glands and helps clear the ducts is:
Antiseborrheic
Ticks can cause or transmit the following:
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Lyme’s Disease, Q fever
True or False: The pH of dog’s skin is the same as that of humans so all human shampoos are great to use on dogs.
False.
Treatment of anal gland abscesses may include:
Lancing and flushing the abscess, Oral and infused antibiotics, Expressing the gland, Anal sacculectomy
The most common cause of conjunctivitis in young cats starts with a / an _________ infection.
Virus.
The delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering parts of the eyeball is the:
Conjunctiva
True or False: An animal should initially be bathed with a cleansing shampoo prior to using a medicated shampoo.
True.
Some of the problems that fleas can cause or transmit include:
FAD, Tapeworms, plague.
Benzoyl peroxide shampoo is:
Antibacterial, Antiseborrheic, Flushes follicles
The location of the anal sacs is near the anus at the __________ positions.
4 and 8 o’clock
Pyoderma is a ___________ disease.
Bacterial
The term that means toward the cheek or lips is:
Labial, buccal.
The portion of a normal tooth that is above the gingival is covered with:
Enamel
The upper jaw is known as the
Maxilla
The most important tooth surfaces to brush are the __________ surfaces:
Buccal.
The lower jaw is known as the
mandible
The upper carnassial tooth is a / an:
Premolar
The pug is an example of a __________ breed.
Brachycephalic
The greyhound is an example of a __________ breed.
Dolichocephalic
The cocker is an example of a __________ breed.
Mesocephalic
The disorder of teeth which is caused by a virus, chemical, or other causes and results in the absence of adequate enamel over the crown is: Periodontal disease
Hypoplasia / Defect
When the upper jaw is longer than the lower jaw.
Brachygnathism
The focal accumulation of purulent material at the apical portion of the tooth is: Periodontal disease
Tooth root abscess
The neoplasia which can affect the bone tissue of the jaws is:
Osteosarcoma
The disorder which results from chewing on abrasive material or a fracture of the tooth cusp past the enamel (prior to the occurrence of infection) is:
Exposed pulp canal
The neoplastic disease which constitutes about 20-30% of canine oral neoplasias, is usually found on the gingival and tooth sockets, and has a very slow rate of metastasis is:
Squamous cell carcinoma
The disease also known as idiopathic stomatitis, ulcerative stomatitis, or lymphocytic-plasmacytic stomatitis and is an immune-mediated disease is:
CUPS
The disorder described as exuberant accumulation of gingival tissue which sometimes covers the crowns of teeth and is seen more commonly in Collies and Boxers is:
Gingival hyperplasia
The disease which can occur if dental calculus is allowed to accumulate and infection of the structures surrounding the tooth occurs is:
Periodontal disease
List a very inexpensive and one of the most effective topical agents and how/when/why it is effective.
Plain Tap Water – used to hydrate or dehydrate skin.
List the 7 types of topical therapies listed in the McCurnin text, what they are used for, procedures for use, and any special precautions to use.
Soaks – effective for handling localized acute eruptions; 10 – 15 min soak 3 or more times daily;

Astringents - - precipitate proteins on the surface of an acute damage and forma beneficial covering; useful as part o fth emanagement of localized acute moist dermatitis, should only be applied once.

Baths – aid in removal of dirt, debris, and scale; medicated shampoos left in 10-15 mins. Frequency is based on underlying cause and individual response.

Dips and Rinses – means o fdeliviering various antifungal or antiseptic agents to the skin. – some agents have potential to cause systemic toxicities; label should be checked to make sure it is safe for age/species.

Powders – drying agents and vehicles for parasiticides and to reduce friction and irritation;labels should be checked carefully; powder must be worked down into coat.

Creams/ointments – area should be clipped or hairless and protected form immediate removal by licking; treated area is usually small; not indicated for moist or oozing skin lesions; usually insufficient when used alone – should be used with dips/rinses/oral therapy.

Otic Preparations – some preparations must have ears thoroughly cleaned before applying;
Why should you take precautions with all natural shampoos?
Some natural ingredients are still irritating to the skin.
What are some basic guidelines to consider when recommending topical therapy?
As much of the hair coat should be removed as possible, cooperation o f the owner should be evaluated before any tropical is prescribed, risk of toxicity, tepid water is the temperature of choice when bathing animals, usually the adage if it’s wet dry it and if it’s dry wet it is true, but there are exceptions; monitor closely for possible allergic reaction to topical, owners need careful and thorough instruction on how to do therapy
List 3 broad classes of shampoos and examples of each.
Cleansing shampoos - over the counter dog grooming/flea shampoos, people shampoos, Antiparastic shampoos – flea shampoos for mild infestations or general cleaning. Medicated shampoos like chlorhexidine.
What products are contraindicated in cats?
Tar products
Why is it important when bathing an animal to use a cleansing shampoo first then the medicated shampoo?
Medicated shampoos do not lather well, aren’t good cleansing agents and do not work well with organic debris.
What is the most common problem presented to most veterinary practices?
Dermatological problems.
How do you choose a medicated shampoo?
the selection of shampoo products must consider not washing off topical ectoparasiticides such as selamectin, imidicloprid and fipronil.
What does the process of bathing do?
helps remove scales, crusts, organisms, dander, loose hair and other debris.
How does the skin pH of dogs differ from other mammals including humans?
It is the highest (6.2 – 7.8, people 5.6).
Define hypoallergenic shampoo.
True hypoallergenic shampoos should contain few substances that could cause an allergic reaction. They should be the least irritating shampoos on the market.
Are “all natural” and “hypoallergenic” shampoos the same?
No, all natural means no synthetic ingredients but some natural ingredients can be irritating.
What does the label term “cruelty free” mean?
The product has not been tested on animals.
Why are hot oil treatments not recommended?
They may be comedogenic (causing blackheads).
Define the term Seborrhea sicca.
Dry scaling
Define the term Seborrhea oleosa.
Greasy scaling.
What is the epidermal turnover time in a normal dog?
22 days.
Define ototoxic.
Damage to the ear by a toxin (often a medication)
List some ingredients in shampoos and topicals that can be ototoxic.
Salicytic acid
What is responsible for the irritation of flea bites?
Saliva
Define Maxilla
upper jaw
Define Mandible
lower jaw
Define Palate
roof of the mouth
Define Dentition
the teeth in the dental arch
Define Deciduous teeth
milk or baby teeth
Define Gingival
pertaining to or emanating from the gum
Define Mastication
act of chewing
Define Occlusion
relation of teeth in both jaws when in fuctional contact
Define Brachycephalic
short wide muzzle
Define Mesocephalic
medium length and wide muzzles
Define Dolichocephalic
long narrow muzzle
Define Diphyodont
having two sets of teeth
Define Lingual
pertaining to or near the tongue
Define Labial
pertaining to the lip
Define Distal
remote; farther from any point of reference
Define Proximal
nearest to a point of reference
Define Mesial
in the middle
Define Buccal
pertaining to or directed toward the cheek
List the salivary glands. 4 pairs:
parotid, mandibular, sublingual, and zygomatic for cats and dogs – ferrets have one extra pair – molar.
What are the functions of the tongue?
Intake of food in the mouth, manipulation of food for chewing and swallowing, drinking, grooming
Compare the tongue anatomy and functions of the dog and cat tongues.
Cats use top of tongue for drinking, dogs the bottom; feline tongue is covered in backward facing barb-like structures called “papillae” that wash smooth and dry the coat and also aid in removal of meat from bones.
Why is it uncommon to have infections of the tongue?
The tongue is so richly supplied by nourishing blood vessels that infections are uncommon.
List the 3 major types of head shapes and breed/species examples of each.
Brachycephalic – Pugs and Persians; Mesocephalic – Golden Retrievers, most cats, ferrets; Dolichocephalic – Greyhounds, Dobes, Oriental cats
List the 4 types of teeth of dogs and cats and the functions of each type.
Insicors – cutting and nibbling food; Canine – holding and tearing food; Premolars – cutting, holding and shearing food.; Molars – grinding food
How many permanent teeth do dogs and cats have?
Dogs – 42, cats – 30, ferrets - 34
List the dental formula of dogs and cats.
. Dogs deciduous 2 x (3i/3i, 1c/1c, 3p/3p) = 28; Dog permanent 2 x (3I/3I, 1C/1C, 4P/4P, 2M/3M) = 42. Cat deciduous 2 x (3i/3i, 1c/1c, 3p/2p) =26; Cat permanent 2 x (3I/3I, 1C/1C, 3P/2P, 1M/1M) = 30
At what ages do the permanent incisors, canines, premolars, and molars erupt?
Incisors – deciduous 3-4 weeks, permanent – 3.5 – 5.5 months; canine – deciduous 3-4 weeks permanent 5.5 – 6.5 months;
Premolars – 6 week deciduous 4-5 months permanent; molars – no deciduous molars, 5-6 months permanent
What are the benefits of brushing the teeth of your pet?
It is the best way to prevent accumulation of plaque on the pet’s teeth.
How often should an animal’s teeth be brushed?
Daily if possible.
Why should you not use human toothbrushes to brush an animal’s teeth?
Pet toothbrushes are smaller/softer and have a different shape better suited to the pet.
List the reasons that you should not use human toothpaste in animals.
Human toothpaste can upset the pet’s stomach
What tooth surfaces should you make sure and brush?
Buccal and pay special attention to the gumline as that is where the odor and infection begin.
Is it important to brush the inside (lingual and palatal surfaces)?
Yes, but not as important as the saliva helps to keep the plaque down.
What are some techniques that are useful to help an animal become used to having its teeth brushed?
Dip finger in bouillon and rub along gums and teeth, gradually introduce gauze and a circular motion then add a brush and lastly toothpaste.
Briefly describe the appearance of a normal occlusion.
Lower canine align in front of upper canine, then upper and lower cheek teeth interdigitate. Upper incisors are slightly in front of lower incisors.
Define brachygnathism and list the common term
Brachygnathism (Overbite): the upper jaw is longer than the lower jaw. This is a genetic-base "defect", and can affect any breed
Define prognathism and list the common term. In what dog breeds is this commonly found in?
Prognathism (Underbite): the lower jaw is longer than the upper jaw due to a genetic determinant. This is the "desired" arrangements in certain breeds, e.g Boxer, Pekinese, Bulldog, Llaso Apso
What are retained deciduous teeth and why can these cause a problem?
Occurs when deciduous teeth are not reabsorbed with eruption of permanent teeth. Because retention of these teeth causes crowding, these can interfere with normal development and positioning of permanent teeth.
Define supernumerary teeth. Does it occur in deciduous or permanent dentitions?
Supernumerary Teeth: this is a problem in which extra permanent teeth appear in young dogs. Usually, a problem in the upper jaw...but not always. The extra teeth are seen either behind the normal position...or in the normal arcade, causing crowding and often resulting in malocclusion
Define Plaque
Plaque is the result of food debris, bacterial action on this material in the presence of saliva...with the product being deposited on irregular surfaces of teeth.