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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the "calici" in calicivirus mean?
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Calici= cup
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Where do Caliciviruses assemble?
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In the nucleus (which is unusual for a RNA Virus)
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What are the clinical signs of Feline Calicivirus infection?
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URT with oculonasal discharge
Oral ulcers "Lung and Tongue" to differentiate from FHV Lameness Virulent Systemic Dz (emerging, highly virulent) |
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What are the features of Virulent Systemic Dz caused by FCV?
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Adult cats>kittens
vaccines not protective, different strain for each outbreak, fast replication key to virulence Fever, SubQ edema, ulcers Mortality: up to 50% |
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T of F:
FCV infections occur more commonly in single cat homes than in multi-cat homes. |
False. The more cats=more FCV infection. Quasispecies so reinfection with slightly different viruses occurs.
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Describe how FCV vaccines are used and their level of protection.
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Modified-live intranasa:priming kittens, or in face of outbreak
Inactivated: parenteral Reduces Dz, but doesn't prevent infection Best response with 2 different virus strains in vaccine to get broad AB response. |
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How can FCV be controlled?
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Biosecurity
Resistant to most dissinfectants and environment dessication |
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What is the clinical presentation of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Dz Virus?
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serosanguinous nasal discharge
multiple organ hemorrhages Hepatic Necrosis DIC |
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What is the relavence to RHDV to veterinarians in Canada?
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Emerging Dz of research rabbits (b/c of European type)
Also, used as 'biologic' control of rabbits in Australia |
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What type of virus causes Rabbit Hemorrhagic Dz?
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Calicivirus
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What type of virus causes Vesicular Exanthema in swine?
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Calicivirus
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What is the importance of Vesicular Exanthema Disease? From what species did it originate and how?
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DDx is FMD
Currently erradicated From San Miguel Sea Lions. Carcasses were fed to pigs |
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Describe the clinical signs of Foot and Mouth Dz.
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vesicles on mouth (salivation), teats, feet
ulcers (when vesicles rupture) Rapid weight loss because lame and anorexic |
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What samples should you take from suspected FMD animals?
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Visicular fluid
Epithelium biopsey from lesion margin Organs (post mortem) |
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What tests are done to confirm FMD?
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Capture ELISA
VI |
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Can horses get FMD?
What about people? |
No
Yes, mild flu-like symptoms |
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How is FMD spread?
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Direct contact (high shedding and long-term carriers)
Airborne Fomites Meat and milk |
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How can FMD be controlled?
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Biosecurity (but shed b/f clinical, spreads rapidly)
Vaccines (not used in some countries b/c of trade issues) Need group-specific vaccine to be effective |
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How does FMD affect cattle differently than sm. ruminants?
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Sheep/goats have minimal clinical signs compared to cattle
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Name the Vesicular Diseases of Swine
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FMD
Swine Vesicular Dz Vesicular Stomatitis Vesicular Exanthema of Swine |
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Describe the mosquito part of the West Nile Virus cycle
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virus ingested with blood meal
multiples in gut epithelial cells leaks from gut, infects salivary glands virus released with saliva when feeding |
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Describe the birds/mammals part of the West Nile Virus cycle.
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inoculation by mosquito
replication in skin and L.N. amplification viremia Virus terminated by immune response OR crosses BBB ->infl'n (leaky caps) ->neuron and glial cell damage |
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What are the most common clinical signs of WNV in horses?
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Flu-like signs
Ataxia Depression Hind Limb weakness Muscle tremmors Mortality (10-50%) |
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How is WNV diagnosed in horses?
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Serology: specific IgM (IgM increases after recent infection)
Differentiates vaccinated from exposed |
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What is the gestation period where a bovine fetus can become persistently infected with BVDV?
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40-120 days
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How does BVDV kill PI calves?
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"Mucosal Dz"
There is a mutation that changes the virus from a non-cytopathic to cytopathic form Since no immune response to cytopathic form: uncontrolled growth |
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What are the clinical signs of Mucosal DZ?
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fever
depression anorexia diarrhea ulcerative mucosal lesions high mortality |
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How can Mucosal Dz be caused by a vaccine? Describe mechanism.
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Antigenically similar cytopathic virus: mucosal Dz results
Antigenically different cytopathic virus: good immune response. |
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T or F:
BVD-2 virus strains are highly virulent. |
False
Quasispecies with rapid mutation. Some are virulent, others harmless |
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How can serology of dam be used to Dx PI BVD calf?
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Sero-negative dam rules out BVD.
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How can PI BVD calves be identified?
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Serology (lots of time and $)
Virus Isolation Skin Biopsey with IHC (antigen in hair follicle) |
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What virus causes "Hairy Shaker" is syndrome?
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Border Dz Virus in sheep.
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Describe Border Dz
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the "BVD" of sheep
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What is another name for Hog Cholera?
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Classical Swine Fever
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Describe the Dz caused by Hog Cholera Virus
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acute
Fever Systemic Dz DDx: African Swine Fever |
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Where do RNA viruses generally replicate?
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In the cytoplasm
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T or F
Humans and horses are incidental hosts in the Togavirus lifecycle |
True
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Name the 2 major Togaviruses of horses
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Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis
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How is EEE and WEE Dx?
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Serology (IgM specific)
ELISA |
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What do coronaviruses look like?
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They have a "crown", visible with EM
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What systems do coronaviruses typically affect?
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Enteric and Respiratory
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How can coronaviruses be dx in a live animal?
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FAT or EM on fecal smear
Paired sera (less helpful b/c lots of exposure) |
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How can coronavirus be Dx post mortem?
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FAT or IHC
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What section of the villi do coronaviruses affect?
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The mid section
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What is the window of susceptibility of neonatal calves to corona virus infection?
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4-30 days
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How can Bovine Coronavirus be controlled?
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Sanitation
Vaccination: * Cow: increase passive immunity in colostrum * Calf |
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What type of virus causes Transmissible Gastroenteritis in pigs?
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Coronavirus
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Describe the clinical signs of Transmissible Gastroenteritis in pigs
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Diarrhea and vomiting
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How can Transmissible Gastroenteritis in pigs be controlled?
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feed sows dead pigs to stimulate IgA in colostrum
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What are the 2 forms of Canine coronavirus
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Group 1 (Enteric) occurs with parvovirus
Group 2 (Respiratory) associated with Kennel Cough |
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What is a major risk factor for Feline Infectious Peritonitis?
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Multicat households
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What type of virus causes FIP?
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coronavirus
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How is Feline Coronaviruses spread?
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Contact, verticle
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Describe the clinical signs of FIP in cats
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severe systemic dz
Wet form: Ag-AB complexes=leaky vessels=ascites Dry form: granulomatous inflammation of multiple organs |
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How can FIP be Dx?
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ELISA Test (blocking: + is no colour)
Biopsey to confirm in individual cat |
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What type of virus causes Infectious bronchitis in poultry?
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Avian coronavirus
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What are the clinical manifestations of Infectious Bronchitis in poultry?
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respiratory dz
nephritis poor egg production and quality |
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Name 2 important coronaviruses in Lab animals
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Mouse Hepatitis Virus
Sialoadacryadenitis Virus |
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What species did SARS originate in?
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Civet cat
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What are the viral causes of URT Dz in dogs?
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Canine Distemper
Adenovirus Herpes Virus Reovirus Parainfluenza Virus |
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What are the 2 Nidovirales groups?
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Nest Viruses:
Corona Arteriviruses |
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What are the clinical signs of Equine Viral Arteritis?
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Fever
leukopenia Depression Lacrimation and Conjunctivitis nasal discharge Urticaria Dependent Edema |
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Why is EVA economically important to the horse industry?
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40-80% of mares will abort
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What does a EVA aborted fetus look like?
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edema, peritoneal fluid, hemorrhage
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How is EVA spread?
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Venereal
Aerosols Infected Semen (inc. AI) Aborted fetus and membranes |
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How is EVA Dx in a live horse?
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VI
PCR |
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How is EVA Dx post mortem?
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IHC
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What are the clinical features of Porcine Resiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)?
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Sows: resp. dz, abortion, mummified fetuses
Piglettes: severe resp. dz, co-infection with PCV |
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What other virus is commonly present in pigs infected with PRRSV?
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Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2)
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How is PRRSV spread?
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Carrier pigs (shed for several months)
Fomites Aerosols |
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How is PRRSV Dx in live pigs?
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Serology
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How is PRRSV Dx post mortem?
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FA
IHC |
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How can PRRSV be controlled?
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Biosecurity
Vaccination (controversial b/c concerns about attenuation ->quasispecies) |