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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pathogenesis meaning? |
Mechanism of disease development and sequence of events occurring following exposure to the inciting agent/event |
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Morphological change vs. aetiologic diagnosis. |
Morphological-> what can be seen from lesions and changes in tissues Aetiologic-> specifically identifying the pathogen |
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Key features of taking a sample for histopathology? |
1. Fix in 10x formalin 2. Fit in an adequate container (no narrow neck) |
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Stains for fat? |
Oil red O stains fat red |
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Stain for glycogen? |
PAS Periodic acid schiff (pink) |
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Stain for fibrous tissue? |
Massons Trichrome stains Green |
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Stain for haemosiderin? |
Perls Prussian Blue.
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Why do we use immunohistochemical stains? |
For difficult to see pathogens like viruses or the source of a tumor. |
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Basement membrane stain? |
Jones stain |
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Haemosiderin |
Iron storage complex in cells |
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Hypoplasia |
Incomplete or underdevelopment of an organ/tissue |
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Aplasia |
Organ doesn't develop at all, only rudimentary tissue present. |
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Agenesis |
Failure of any development due to lack of embryronic primordial tissue |
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Hypertrophy |
Increase in size of cells resulting in an increase in organ size. |
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Hyperplasia |
Increase in no. of cells |
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Metaplasia |
One adult cell type replaced by another |
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Dysplasia |
Alteration in the size, shape organization of a tissue |
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What often leads to cellular swelling? |
Hypoxia. Drop in ATP-> switch to anaerobic metabolism-> depletion of glycogen accumulation of lactate and inorganic phosphate--> leads to inhibition of sodium/potassium pump resulting in water moving in |
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Name for cellular swelling? |
Hydropic degeneration |
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What happens as a result of ballooning degeneration? |
Either cell death if the noxious stimuli is not removed or recovery. |
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What occurs when cell swelling happens? |
Vacuoles form in cytoplasm, ballooning degeneration. These do not stain. |
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Onco meaning |
Swelling |
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What is necrosis associated with? |
Raised calcium levels |
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Coagulative necrosis |
Basic cell outlines preserved due to delayed proteolysis usually acute |
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Caseous Necrosis |
Cheesey friable appearance. Chronic lesion. May develop dystrophic calcification |
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Liquefactive Necrosis |
Cavity filled with liquefied debris. Abscess |
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Gangrenous Necrosis |
Follows on from some forms of coagulative necrosis may be moist, gas, dry. |
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Fat Necrosis |
Specific necrosis of fat e.g. pancreatic fat necrosis |
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Karyo means? |
Nucleus |
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Karyorrhexis |
Nucleus splits into lots of pieces |
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Karyolysis |
Lysis of the nucleus and it fades |
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Pyknosis |
Nuclei small, shrunken and dark staining |
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Features of necrosis? |
Cells cytoplasm stains more eosinophillic |
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Features of apoptosis? |
Cells shrink Condensation of chromatin fragmentation of cytoplasm and budding |
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Lipodosis Organ susceptible |
Accumulation of intracytoplasmic lipid, liver, muscles, heart, kidney. Liver as central to lipid metabolism |
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What are the major causes of hepatic lipidosis |
Excessive FFA into liver with increased fat mobilisation. Toxic damage affecting metabolism of fatty acids and triglycerides. |
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What has occurred here? |
Lipidosis |
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What leads to accumulation of glycogen? |
Corticosteroid therapy Diabetes Mellitus Glycogen storage disease (Polysaccaride storage myopathy in the horse) |
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What is dystrophic calcification? |
Serum conc of calcium normal, calcium deposited in tissue that is dead or dying due to cellular damage, interfering with the cells ability to regulate calcium levels. |
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Metastatic calcification means? |
Result of hypercalcaemia, reflected in damage to organelles Eg. Vit D Toxicity Renal failure associated with malignancy. |
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Features of suppurative/ purulent discharge? |
Many neutrophils dead/alive usually bacterial. |
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If a suppurative/purulent discharge is walled off what occurs? |
Abscess |
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Hollow viscus filled with pus? |
Empyema |
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Fibrinous exudate features? |
Thin eosinophillic meshwork which coagulates, yellow. Is acute |
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How does fibrinous exudate form? |
Vascular permeability--> fibrinogen leaks out and is acted upon by thrombin to form fibrin |
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Serous exudate features? |
Occurs in early inflammation e.g. blisters |
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Mucous/ catarrhal features? |
Hypersecretion by goblet cells in Resp tract and GIT. |