Veterinary Nervous System

Front 1

Nervous System

Back 1

is the body's control center

Front 2

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 2

the brain, spinal cord, and their associated structures

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 3

nerves traveling from the brain or spinal cord to target organs and back

Front 4

Voluntary (Somatic)

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carries out concious activities (walking eating etc)

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Involuntary (Autonomic)

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performs activites that do not require concious thought (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure)

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Neuron (Nerve Cell)

Back 6

basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system.Carry signals to various areas of the body.

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Sensory Neuron

Back 7

carries signals of touch, taste, etc to the brain.

Front 8

Motor Neurons

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carry instructions from the brain to the muscles causing them to move.

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Interneurons

Back 9

carry signals between neurons

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Cell Body

Back 10

central portion of the neuron where the neucleus is located

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Perikaryon

Back 11

the cytoplasm within the cell body.

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Axon

Back 12

cylindrical projection extending from the cell body usually opposite from the dendrites. transmits signals from the cell body to other neurons or to target organs.

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Dendrites

Back 13

highly branched cell receptors that sense the environment or recieve signals from other neurons.

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Synaptic Knob

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disk shaped bulb at the end of an axon

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Synapse

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the junction of the synaptic knobs of one neuron with the dendrites or cell body of the adjacent neuron.

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Schwann Cells

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surround the axons and dendrites and provide structural and metabolic support to the neurons.

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Myelin Sheath

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made up by the Schwann cells as a protective covering over the axon to improve transmission speed of the electric impulse through the axon.

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Node of Ranvier

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where the myelin sheath thins.

Front 19

non-mylelinated neurons

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are not wrapped in a myelin sheath.

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Membrane Potential

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difference between the electrical charges on either side of the neuron cell membrane.

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Selectively Permeable

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some ions can come in and some cannot.

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Active Transport

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acheived by molecules embedded on the cell membrane.

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Sodium-potassium Pump

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molecules that are embedded in the cell membrane. Transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

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polarity

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electrical potential

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depolarization

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loss of electrical potential between the two sides of the membrane

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repolarization

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when potassium quickly diffuses across the channel

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action potential

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the process of depolarization and repolarization

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saltatory conduction

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the method at which electrical signals travel along myelinated axons

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neurotransmitters

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contents of the synaptic vesicles which get released into the synaptic cleft.

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gray matter

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CNS tissue, composed of aggregates of brain neuron cell bodies.

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white matter

Back 31

CNS tissue, composed of axons and dendrites of brain neurons.

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meninges

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external coverings (connective tissue)

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Pia Mater

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layer of the meninges that covers the surface of the brain or spinal cord tissue

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Arachnoid

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the middle layer of the meninges

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Dura Mater

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the outermost layer of the meninges

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subdural space

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space that lies between the arachnoid and the dura mater which is filled with a minute amount of fluid under normal conditions.

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epidural space

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space that lies between the dura and the vertebrae in the spinal cord and is filled with fibrous tissue fat tissue and veins.

Front 38

Cerebrum (cerebral cortex)

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shaped like a half sphere, comprises the bulk of the brain.

Front 39

Cerebellum

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roughly spherical bundle of brain tissue with a very convoluted surface. Maintains balance and coordination.

Front 40

Diencephalon

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acts as a passageway between the brain stem and the cerebrum. Has three major components, thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary.

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thalamus

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one of the major components of the diencephalon.

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hypothalamus

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one of the major components of the diencephalon.

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pituitary

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one of the major components of the diencephalon.

Front 44

Brain Stem

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forms the connection between the brain and the spinal cord and is composed of three anatomic areas. Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

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spinal nerves

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branch away from the spinal cord at regular intervals. Part of the PNS. Generally exit from the spinal cord in the spaces between the vertebrae.

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Cranial Nerves

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located in or near the head, most of them enter or exit the brain stem.

Front 47

sensory pathway

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carries signals regarding touch, pain, temperature, stretch and so on to the CNS.

Front 48

Motor Pathway

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carries signals from the CNS to muscles.

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dorsal root ganglion

Back 49

a cluster of sensory neuron cell bodies that lie next to the spinal cord.

Front 50

brachial plexus

Back 50

medial to the scapula on each side of the body, controls the thoracic limbs.

Front 51

axillary nerve

Back 51

exits the brachial plexus and supplies the muscles that flex the shoulder and the skin over the cranial surface of the elbow.

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radial nerve

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is the larges brachial plexus nerve and supplies the lateral surface of the humerous and the cranial-lateral surface of the foreleg and foot.

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median nerve

Back 53

exits the brachial plexus and supplies the medial surface of the foreleg and the palmar surface of the foot.

Front 54

ulnar nerve

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exits the brachial plexus and supplies the caudal surface of the foreleg and palmar surface of the foot. (overlapping with the median nerve)

Front 55

lumbosacral plexus

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gives nerve supply to the pelvic limbs and has three major nerves, femoral, obturator, and ischiatic.

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femoral nerve

Back 56

comes from the lumbosacral plexus and supplies the cranial muscles of the femur and sensory nerves to the medial surface of the thigh and foreleg.

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obturator nerve

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comes from the lumbosacral plexus and supplies primarily the muscles of the medial thigh.

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ischiatic nerve (sciatic)

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the larges lumbosacral nerve, passes over the hip joint and travels down the caudal-lateral surface of the thigh supplying the caudal thigh muscles.

Front 59

olfactory nerve

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cranial nerve that carries signals to the brain regarding the sense of smell.

Front 60

optic nerve

Back 60

cranial nerve that originates in the retina of the eye and carries visual signals to the brain from the eye.

Front 61

oculomotor nerve

Back 61

cranial nerve that controls the movement of the eye and pupil.

Front 62

trochlear nerve

Back 62

fourth cranial nerve that carries nerve fibers to a single muscle around the eye that causes the eye to rotate medially.

Front 63

trigeminal nerve

Back 63

largest cranial nerve, carries signals to the muscles involved with chewing.

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abducent nerve

Back 64

rotates the eye laterally or retract the eyeball deeper into the socket.

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facial nerve

Back 65

performs motor functions involving facial muscles controlling facial expressions, muscles of the eye, tear glands, some of the salivary glands, and nasal glands and tongue.

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vestibulocochlear nerve

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carries signals regarding hearing and motion and balance.

Front 67

glossopharyngeal nerve

Back 67

controls the muscles of the soft palate and pharynx, and secretion from some of the salvary glands.

Front 68

vagus nerve

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connect organs within the thorax and abdomen, and control the muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus.

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spinal accessory nerve

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carries only motor nerves that control certain muscles of the neck and thoracic limbs.

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hypoglossal nerve

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controls muscles of the tounge and some muscles of the neck.

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motor neuclei

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located in the cerebral cortex the basal ganglia and the brain stem. Place where signals are initiated to move the body.

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primary motor cortex

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signals travel from here to the spinal cord segment that sends out spinal nerves to the muscle of interest

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premotor area

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a motor area in the cortex

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innervated

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supplied with nerves

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norepinephrine

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secreted by the adrenal medulla

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ganglion

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collection of neuron cell bodies

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Sulcus (sulci)

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indentation in the brain tissue

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gyri

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raised tissue between the indentations in the brain.