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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are abnormal droppings?
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In relation to birds any change in color, frequency, volume, or character of droppings indicates the need to see a vet.
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What are the three components of normal bird droppings?
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1. Dark green solid part
2. The urates, solid urine component 3. Clear liquid urine |
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What can cause abnormal droppings?
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1. Changes in diet can change droppings
2. Intestinal, kidney, liver diseases. 3. Bacterial, Viral, or Parasites as well |
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What are antibodies?
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Antibodies are specialzied proteins, also called immunoglobulins, that are primary found in the bloodstream. Specific antibodies are generated in response to different substances the body encounters providing immunity against these substances.
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What is an antibody titre mean?
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It is the highest dilution of a serum sample that causes a positive test reaction.
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What do antibody titres indicate?
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They indicate exposure to that organism. Antibodies are only produced after an exposure.
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What does zoonotic mean?
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For us it means this disease can be transissible to humans and other animals.
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What are bladder stones?
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They are rotliths or cystic calculi which are rock-like collections of minerals that form in the urinary bladder.
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Are bladder stones the same as gall stones or kidney stones?
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No they are not.
Gall stones form in the gall bladder. Kidney stones form in the kidney and normally not related to bladder stones. |
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How are bladder stones treated?
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Surgery is best.
Secondary is a dissolution diet. |
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Can bladder stones be prevented?
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Yes. There are four types found in dogs. They will need a special diet and periodic x-rays.
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What are the two components of blood?
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Liquid Plasma (Proteins)
and Cells: Red, White, Platelets |
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What type of blood tests are there?
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PCV/TP
CBC Making a blood smear Examining a blood smear Biochemistry |
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Where is the most common location to take a blood sample?
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The Jugular Vein is most common.
Other locations: Facial Sinus, Cephalic veins of legs. |
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Red Top Blood Tubes contain?
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Contains no additives.
Contain clot activator Allow to clot 20 minutes Centrifuge Separate serum |
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What do Tiger Top blood tubes contain?
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Contains clot activator
Contains gel to help seperate serum Cannot use with some tests, use red instead |
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What do the Purple Top Blood tubes contain?
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Contain anticoagulants - EDTA
Binds calcium Preserves cell morphology Can use for some serum chemistries Can not use for calcium of potassium |
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What do the Green Top blood tubes contain?
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Contains Heparin
These are often used for blood chemistry |
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What does PCV help measure?
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Measures percentage of RBC in blood.
Low: Anemia, Blood Loss, Hemolysis High: Dehydration, polycythemia |
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What is the normal PCV value for dogs?
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The red blood cell count is 35 to 55% in dogs.
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What is the normal PCV value for cats?
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The red blood cell count is 30 to 47% in cats.
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What does a TP or total protein count indicate?
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TP = albumin and globin
Low: blood loss, low albumin, PLN, PLE High: Dehydration, immune stimulation. |
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What is a CBC test?
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The composition of blood!
It stands for Complete Blood Count! A lasercyte machine can do it! |
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What is the most common white blood cell found in small animals?
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The Neutrophils
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What is the second most common white blood cell found in small animals?
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The Lymphocyte
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What is a buffy coat?
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When blood is spun in a centrifuge it seperates into three parts. The bottom layer is red blood cells, the top layer is plasma, and the small band between the two is the buffy coat.
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What is actually in the buffy coat?
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It is composed of white blood cells and platelets.
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What is the main reason to examine the buffy coat on a smear?
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You looking at white blood cells, especially mast cells that might be abnormal.
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What are mast cells in the buffy coat?
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It's a way of looking for cancer called mastocytosis.
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What is coagulation?
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Coagulation is a series of events that result in the formation of a clot. These clots are formed by platelets that form a plug.
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What are coagulation factors?
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These are substances that are made by the liver and circulate in the blood stream when activated by blood vessel or tissue injury.
There are thirteen different coagulation factors. |
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When are coagulation tests performed?
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Ther are many reasons to test for coagulation!
Some dogs have clotting factor deficiences so it's a prep for surgery. Any sort of bleeding for unknown reasons. If coagulation is a problem it could be a sign of liver disease. |
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Are there any screening tests that can be used in the veterinary clinic to evaluate coagulation?
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The most common test performed is the evaluation of platelet numbers. Platelets are necessary for all the coagulation factors to work properly.
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What is coccidiosis?
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Coccidiosis is an intestinal tract infection caused by one-celled organism (protozoa) called coccidia.
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What kinds of problems are caused by coccidiosis?
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Diarrhea and other cleanical signs related to stool. Just examine the feces to diagnose if it is caused by coccidia.
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What is a complete blood count?
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A CBC is one of the most basic blood tests. It contains measurements that describe the quantity and quality of the cellular elements in the blood.
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How is a CBC (Complete Blood Count) performed?
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A blood sample is collected.
It is placed in a tube that prevents clotting. The sample is run through an automated analyzer that counts the cells. The last step is a visual examination of a blood smear with special dyes to evaluate the appearance of individual cells. |
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What is a red blood cell called?
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Eryhtrocytes
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What is a white blood cell called?
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Leukocytes
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In a CBC what are the three main categories each type of cell is examined for?
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1. Numbers
2. Size 3. Appearance |
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What are electrolytes?
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Electrolytes are salts and metallic components of a serum! The negatively charged electrolytes are balanced by the positively charged electrolytes.
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What are the most commonly measured electrolytes?
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Sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphorus, and calcium.
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What is serum often refer to?
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Serum refers to the liquid portion of blood.
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What is a fecal Baermann test?
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This is a specialized test for detecting certain types of parasites or worms in stool material.
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How does a fecal Baermann test?
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Stool material is mixed with water in a special filtering apparatus, and allowed to stand for 1-2 hours. The larvae sink to the bottom of the apparatus, where they are collected and examined. The type of parasites are identified through larvae examination.
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What is the most common reason to do a fecal Baermann test?
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To test for lungworm.
This test is used for larvae evaluation rather than eggs. |
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What is a fecal flotation?
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This is a test that helps detect eggs of mature parasites that live in the intestine and pass on their eggs through stool.
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How does a fecal float work?
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Stool is mixed with a special solution that casuses eggs to float to the surface of the container where they are collected on a glass slide and examined under a microscope.
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What is a "fecal occult blood" test?
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This test refers to the presence of small quantities of blood in the stool that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Occult means concealed from view.
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How does a "fecal occult blood" test work?
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A stool sample is collected and tested with special chemical that reacts to hemoglobin (red blood cells) and causes the color to change. This signals there is blood in the stool.
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What is Giardia?
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Giardia is a one-celled parasitic species that invade the gastrointestinal tract and cause diarrhea.
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How is Giardia diagnosed?
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It is diagnosed through examining a stool sample under a microscope.
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How is Giardiasis treated?
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It is treated with metronidazole, an antibiotic.
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What are some concerns with Giardia?
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You need to clean the enviornment as well. They can infect humans as well.
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What are hookworms?
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Hookworms are intestinal parasites of the cat and dog. Their name is derived from the hook-like mouthparts they use to anchor to the lining of the intestinal wall.
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What is evidence of a hookworm infection?
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Anemia, the presence of digested blood in the stool, a poor haircoat, and weight loss.
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How do hookworms invade the body?
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They are passed in stool and can live for months in soil. If an animal licks the parasites when grooming or through ingestion of feces. They can also burrow through skin and migrate to the intestine.
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How do you diagnose a hookworm infection?
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It is diagnosed by stool sample under a microscope. The hookworms produce eggs daily so it should be fairly easy to diagnose an infestation.
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How do you treat a hookworm infection?
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You administer deworming medication called an anthelmintic. At least two treatments are needed and kittens are often treated during vaccination series.
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Can hookworms be transmitted to humans?
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Depends on the type but yes and no. The larvae can burrow into human skin and cause cutaneous larval migrans, also called ground itch. This skin infection does not lead to maturation. Good hygiene practice normally keeps infection rate low. Be cautious around sandboxs or litter boxes, clean often.
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What is a visual urine attributes test?
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Checks volume, color and turbidity. They try to standardize volume but difficult based on size of animals. Obervations of color and turbidity are made on the well-mixed urine specimen.
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What is a specific gravity urine test?
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This is a measure of the urine concentrating ability of the animal. The specific gravity should be read on a refractometer using the urine supernatant.
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What is the dispstick urine analysis test?
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The dipsticks consist of various pads containing chemical ingredients which provide color change when a particular analyte is present.
Dipsticks show, pH, Protein (albumin), glucose, ketones (acetoacetic acid), bilirubin (primarily the conjugate form) and proteins containing a heme group (a porphyrin ring with iron in its center). |
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What is a sediment examination of urine?
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Urine spun on a low speed centrifuge. The supernatant is decanted and urine is gently resuspended in a standard volume (0.5 ml) of urine supernatant. A drop of the resuspended urine is examined under a light microscope using 10x and 40x objectives, "wet prep". Examine entire slip at 10x for large objects like crystals and ova. 40x several random sections are examined for cell objects.
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What does UA stand for?
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Urinalysis
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What is urinalysis? (UA)
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Routine test regularly done in vet office.
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What does a UA tell us?
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Provides info about lower urinary tract.
Kidney function Metabolic diseases |
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How soon do you need to run a UA test after collection?
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Less than 30 minutes after collection.
Do test immediately. Can store refrigerated 6-12 hours |
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What are the three types of Urinalysis collection?
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Free Catch (clean) - Midstream
Catheterization (sterile) - Place Catheter Cystocentesis (sterile) - Needle into bladder |
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What is the gross exam of US require?
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Quantity (20-40mL)
Color - Yellow - - Pale, Dark, Pink, Red, Orange-Brown (amber) Odor - Mild, Strong, Sour, Sweet Transparency (clear) - Turbid, cloudy |
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What can highly acidic urine lead to?
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Calcium Oxalate Crystals!
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What can highly alkaline urine lead to?
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Bladder infections and struvite crystals!
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What does Proteinuria (protein in the urine) indicate?
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Urinary tract infections, inflammation.
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What does large amounts of Glucose in the urine indicate?
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Diabetes
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What does Ketones (excessive breakdowns of fats) in the urine indicate?
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Diabetes or Starvation
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What does Bilirubin in the urine indicate?
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Liver Disease
RBC desctruction Bile duct obstruction |
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What does Occult Blood in the urine indicate?
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Something to do with RBC. Maybe ruptured or myoglobin
Color of urine Can just be conaminate |
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What WBC large or smaller than RBC?
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Larger with internal cellular structures.
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Be able to do a UA Practical for exam!
What does it include? |
Gross Evaluation
Chemical Evaluation Microscopic Evaluation |
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What are some types of skin wounds?
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Abscesses
Cat Bites Dog Bites Foreign Body (Fox Tail) |
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What are skin hot spots?
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Acute skin infections secondary to an allergic reaction. Typically bacterial overgrowth of normal skin bacteria.
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What is dermatophytosis?
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Ringworm!
Fungal infection! Zoonotic! |
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What is Otitis externa?
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Ear infection
Overgrowth of normal bacteria and yeast in ear! Usucally secondary to another problem! |
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What types of skin problems occur with fleas?
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Allergic reactions!
Hair loss, irritation! Main irritation is base of tail! |
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What types of skin problems occur with ticks?
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Minor skin irritation unless in high numbers!
Can carry very serious diseases! Can cause anemia! |
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What type of skin problems occur with Mites (Mange) - Demodex types?
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Most mammals have own species.
Considered normal in low numbers. Can over grow on animals with weak immune systems! |
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What type of skin problems occur with Mites (Mange) - Sarcoptes and Notoedres types?
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Contagious Disease
Not normal to be on skin! Causes extreme pruritis and hair loss in extremities, ears and face! |
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What's an important note if you are doing a skin biopsy?
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Don't clean the area as if for surgical prep. You may clean away vital information! Your testing the skin after all and can use antibiotics on the area for infection.
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What equipment do you need for Gram staining?
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Microscope Slide
Heat Source Immersion Oil Microscope Gloves Stain: Several Types |
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How do you set the gram stain?
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1. Place Drop of Water on Slide
2. Take Sterile Loop or Swab and Pick one Colony off Plate 3. Mix colony with drop until cloudy 4. Let air dry 5. Heat fix |
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What are the expected results of a gram stain?
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Gram-positive stain purple!
Gram-negative stain pink (red)! |
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What is the Wright Stain used for mostly?
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Blood smears
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What is a great stain for blood smears?
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Giemsa Stain
Cytoplasm: pink Nuclei: blue RBC: red Bacteria: blue |
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What is the stain used the most often with histology slides?
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H & E Stain
Nuclei: blue/purple RBC: very red |
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The PAS stain is often used to diagnose what type of infection?
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Fungal!
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What is abdominocentesis?
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Collecting fluid from the abdominal cavity!
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What is a Fine Needle Aspirate used for?
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Used to collect cell sample from a mass or lymph node!
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What is Join Fluis Aspirate?
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Collecting synovial fluid from a joint!
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What is a bronchoalveolar lavage?
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Endoscope placed into bronchi and sterile water used to flush area and collect fluid for evaluation!
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What is a Transtracheal Aspiration?
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A lavage except used to collect fluid from the trachea for analysis!
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What is a Bone Marrow Biopsy?
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Simply collecting bone marrow for analysis!
This one can be very painful! |
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What is a Cerebrospinal Fluid Tap for?
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Used to collect fluid that surround the brain and spine for diagnosing neurological disorders!
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What is Fibrinogen?
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In veterinary medicine fibrinogen is an inflammatory marker. In horses normal levels are 1.0-4.0 g/L, anything above is an inflammatory response.
If lower levels than normal it messes up the clotting response. |
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What is this crystal?
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Ammonium Biurate
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What is this crystal?
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Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate (Struvite)
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What is this crystal?
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Amorphous Phosphate
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What is this crystal?
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Amorphous Urates (Na, K, Mg, or Ca salts)
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What is this crystal?
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Calcium Carbonate
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What is this crystal?
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Calcium Oxalte Dihydrate - Antifreeze
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What is this crystal?
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Cystine
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What is this crystal?
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Dicalcium Phosphate
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What is this crystal?
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Leucine
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What is this crystal?
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Sodium Urate
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What is this crystal?
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Tryosine
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What is this crystal?
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Uric Acid
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What is the life cycle of the heartworm?
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An infected animal has microfilaria in its blood. A mosquito sucks up blood and matures the organism. When mature the mosquito bite transmites the worms.
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What is the normal pH for cat urine?
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A pH of 5.5 to 7.0
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What is the normal pH range for dog urine?
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A pH of 5.5 to 7.5
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