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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What phylum and subphylum are vertebrates in?
Phylum chordata, subphylum vertebrata.
What makes up the basic structure of a vertebrate?
- cranium,
- vertebrae (only in gnathostomes),
- 3 segmented head (brain, sensory organs, cranium,
- 3 segmented brain (fore, mid, hind)
- bilateral symmetry
Moythomasia
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Palaeonisciformes
Genus: Moythomasia
- late silurian 420 mya
- small 5 - 25 cm
- interlocking ganoine scales (enamel derived)
- extinct
Dipterus
Class: Sarcopterygii
Subclass: Dipnoi
Family: Dipteridae
Genus: Dipterus
- 20 - 70 cm
- cosmine scales (dentine derived)
- 2 dorsal fins
- lobe fins, large jaw muscles
- extant
Lobe-finned fish
Though lobe-finned fishes are recognized as “transitional tetrapods”,
they were the 2nd earliest fishes to appear in the fossil record
Class Actinistia
- fins with muscular bases
- 3 lobed tail, long central lobe
-extant in madagascar 1938
- predator
- swimm bladder filled with fat
- tapetum lucidum (electroreception
- move in walking mostion
Class Dipnoi
- autostylic jaw (fused maxillary bones.
- continuous dorsal fin
- 1.5 m long
- swims w/body undulations or walks on bottom
- both lung and gills
- estivation (hibernation due to dryness
- buries in mud and mucus for up to 6 months
- closest extant relative to land vertebrates.
Synapomorphies of Osteichthyes
- large forbrain (sensory processing)
- loss of rigid dermal armor and bony fin rays
- modified jaw for suction feeding
- pharyngeal teeth
- fins
How did a large forebrain aid osteichtyes evolution?
- sensory processing
How did the loss of dermal armor aid osteichtyes evolution?
- made them lighter, and more mobile to avoid predation
How did a modified jaw aid osteichtyes evolution?
- allowed them to have a protrusible jaw in which premaxillary ligaments slide forward for increased suction feeding
How did pharyngeal teeth aid osteichtyes evolution?
helped with crushing prey, secondary jaws persay,
How did new fins aid osteichtyes evolution?
more flexible, mobile, symmetrical, and diverse in shape/size/position, aids in food gathering.
Order polypteriformes
Osteichthyes
- subclass chondrostei
- order polypteriformes
- genus polypterus
- bichir

-poorly studied (african)
- elongatd
- symplesiomorphy w/exting actinopterygians (heavily armored with ganoine scales.
- Autapomorphy among fishes (well-ossified skeleton)
Order Acipenseriformes
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Acipenseriformes
Family: Polyodontidae
Genus: Polyodon
- large 1-6 m benthic, freshwater breeders, both marine and freshwater
-sturgeon in N. Hemisphere, paddlefish in Yangtze and Mississippi rivers.
- reduced dermal skeleton
- elaborate jaw (maxillary)protrusion.
- caviar and other forms of human exploitation threaten them.
Order Lepisosteiformes
Class: Actinopterygii
SUBCLASS: NEOPTERYGI
Order: Lepisosteiformes
Family: Lepisosteidae
Species: Gar
- N. American
- Large 1-4 m
- predators of warm and brackish water
- elongate body, jaws and teeth
- primitive interlocking multilayered scales
- fast and camouflaged; only alligators can withstand bite
- highly vascularized pseudo-lung swim bladder.
Order Amiiformes
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Amiiformes
Family: Amiidae
Genus: Amia
Species: A. calva (Bowfin)

- N. American
- .5 - 1 m long
- same habitat as gars (fresh and brackish waters)
- primitive jaw modifications for suction
- ami means friendly (not friendly but fierce predator)
- Males: eye-like spots on tail side to confuse predators and prey.
- Differ from gars (lepisosteriformes) thin scales and single layer of bones.
Gars are species of what subclass and what order?
Subclass: Neopterygi
Order: Lepisosteriformes
Bowfin are species of what subclass and what order?
Subclass: Neopterygi
Order: Amiiformes
Superorders of Teleosts?
- Osteoglossomorpha
- Elopomorpha
- Clupeomorpha
- Euteleostei
Osteoglossomorpha
- 220 sp., tropical fresh water
- bony tongues
- 1 m long predators from Amazon
- Mormyrid electric fish from Africa
- large mineralized scales
Elopomorpha
-800 species (90% eels), mostly marine
- leptocephalous larvae (free-drifting; for dispersal)
- larvae mature in freshwater; migrate to sea to spawn and die
- usually no fins
Clupeomorpha
- shiny fish off of Finding Nemo, Schools, guanine on scales make the fish reflect light.
- 360 sp., planktivorous, gill-straining
- herrings, sardines, anchovies
- schooling behavior; silvery (reflective for locating others)
Euteleostei
- >15,000 sp., VERY DIVERSE
- carp, minnow, catfish, piranhas, pike, guppy,
- mobile jaw, lightweight fins, pharyngeal teeth, Weberian apparatus (sound detection)
- Perciformes (>9,000 sp.) = bass, perch, cichlid, barracuda, tuna, reef fish, etc.
- unique ability to make or hear sound.
- perch (perciformes) order has 9000 of the 15000 species under superorder euteleostei.
Anguilliform
half or more of posterior undulates (reduced caudel fin)
Carangiform
some of caudal body region undulates.
Ostraciiform
only caudal fin undulates (tuna and herring)
Osteichthyes reproduction
- Oviparous
- freshwater: few but large, demersal (buried or attached) that hatch into adult like fry.
- Marine: pelagic (floating in open water, includes eggs/sperm and larvae.
- larvae in marine are planktivorous
Elpistostgidae
closest extinct relative to tetrapods.
- flattened body plan
- loss of dorsal fins
- reduced ventral fins
- tail
Earliest tetrapods
Ichthostega and Acanthostega
- no fins, but more-like hybrids of current tetrapods
- found in Greenland
What evidence do we have that ichtho/ancanthostega came from the water?
1) groove on ventral surface of ceratobranchials (middle pair of gill arches)- accommodate arteries to send blood to gills in modern fishes

2) ridge on shoulder girdle (supports posterior wall of operculum in fishes)
Polydactyly in inchthostega and acanthostega
more than 5 digits in both
7 in Inchthostega
8 in acanthostega
Why are tetrapod characters advantageous in an aquatic environment?
- limbs allow body to be propped up fro air breathing in shallow water.
- contact and mobility on land helps avoid predation.
- Stem tetrapods (ancient tetrapod)
- Hynerpeton (1st terrestrial); believed to be lunged, shallow
inland access to water. Extinct.