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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What phylum and subphylum are vertebrates in?
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Phylum chordata, subphylum vertebrata.
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What makes up the basic structure of a vertebrate?
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- cranium,
- vertebrae (only in gnathostomes), - 3 segmented head (brain, sensory organs, cranium, - 3 segmented brain (fore, mid, hind) - bilateral symmetry |
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Moythomasia
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Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Palaeonisciformes Genus: Moythomasia - late silurian 420 mya - small 5 - 25 cm - interlocking ganoine scales (enamel derived) - extinct |
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Dipterus
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Class: Sarcopterygii
Subclass: Dipnoi Family: Dipteridae Genus: Dipterus - 20 - 70 cm - cosmine scales (dentine derived) - 2 dorsal fins - lobe fins, large jaw muscles - extant |
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Lobe-finned fish
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Though lobe-finned fishes are recognized as “transitional tetrapods”,
they were the 2nd earliest fishes to appear in the fossil record |
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Class Actinistia
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- fins with muscular bases
- 3 lobed tail, long central lobe -extant in madagascar 1938 - predator - swimm bladder filled with fat - tapetum lucidum (electroreception - move in walking mostion |
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Class Dipnoi
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- autostylic jaw (fused maxillary bones.
- continuous dorsal fin - 1.5 m long - swims w/body undulations or walks on bottom - both lung and gills - estivation (hibernation due to dryness - buries in mud and mucus for up to 6 months - closest extant relative to land vertebrates. |
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Synapomorphies of Osteichthyes
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- large forbrain (sensory processing)
- loss of rigid dermal armor and bony fin rays - modified jaw for suction feeding - pharyngeal teeth - fins |
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How did a large forebrain aid osteichtyes evolution?
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- sensory processing
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How did the loss of dermal armor aid osteichtyes evolution?
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- made them lighter, and more mobile to avoid predation
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How did a modified jaw aid osteichtyes evolution?
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- allowed them to have a protrusible jaw in which premaxillary ligaments slide forward for increased suction feeding
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How did pharyngeal teeth aid osteichtyes evolution?
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helped with crushing prey, secondary jaws persay,
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How did new fins aid osteichtyes evolution?
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more flexible, mobile, symmetrical, and diverse in shape/size/position, aids in food gathering.
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Order polypteriformes
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Osteichthyes
- subclass chondrostei - order polypteriformes - genus polypterus - bichir -poorly studied (african) - elongatd - symplesiomorphy w/exting actinopterygians (heavily armored with ganoine scales. - Autapomorphy among fishes (well-ossified skeleton) |
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Order Acipenseriformes
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Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Acipenseriformes Family: Polyodontidae Genus: Polyodon - large 1-6 m benthic, freshwater breeders, both marine and freshwater -sturgeon in N. Hemisphere, paddlefish in Yangtze and Mississippi rivers. - reduced dermal skeleton - elaborate jaw (maxillary)protrusion. - caviar and other forms of human exploitation threaten them. |
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Order Lepisosteiformes
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Class: Actinopterygii
SUBCLASS: NEOPTERYGI Order: Lepisosteiformes Family: Lepisosteidae Species: Gar - N. American - Large 1-4 m - predators of warm and brackish water - elongate body, jaws and teeth - primitive interlocking multilayered scales - fast and camouflaged; only alligators can withstand bite - highly vascularized pseudo-lung swim bladder. |
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Order Amiiformes
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Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Amiiformes Family: Amiidae Genus: Amia Species: A. calva (Bowfin) - N. American - .5 - 1 m long - same habitat as gars (fresh and brackish waters) - primitive jaw modifications for suction - ami means friendly (not friendly but fierce predator) - Males: eye-like spots on tail side to confuse predators and prey. - Differ from gars (lepisosteriformes) thin scales and single layer of bones. |
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Gars are species of what subclass and what order?
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Subclass: Neopterygi
Order: Lepisosteriformes |
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Bowfin are species of what subclass and what order?
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Subclass: Neopterygi
Order: Amiiformes |
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Superorders of Teleosts?
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- Osteoglossomorpha
- Elopomorpha - Clupeomorpha - Euteleostei |
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Osteoglossomorpha
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- 220 sp., tropical fresh water
- bony tongues - 1 m long predators from Amazon - Mormyrid electric fish from Africa - large mineralized scales |
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Elopomorpha
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-800 species (90% eels), mostly marine
- leptocephalous larvae (free-drifting; for dispersal) - larvae mature in freshwater; migrate to sea to spawn and die - usually no fins |
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Clupeomorpha
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- shiny fish off of Finding Nemo, Schools, guanine on scales make the fish reflect light.
- 360 sp., planktivorous, gill-straining - herrings, sardines, anchovies - schooling behavior; silvery (reflective for locating others) |
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Euteleostei
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- >15,000 sp., VERY DIVERSE
- carp, minnow, catfish, piranhas, pike, guppy, - mobile jaw, lightweight fins, pharyngeal teeth, Weberian apparatus (sound detection) - Perciformes (>9,000 sp.) = bass, perch, cichlid, barracuda, tuna, reef fish, etc. - unique ability to make or hear sound. - perch (perciformes) order has 9000 of the 15000 species under superorder euteleostei. |
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Anguilliform
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half or more of posterior undulates (reduced caudel fin)
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Carangiform
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some of caudal body region undulates.
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Ostraciiform
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only caudal fin undulates (tuna and herring)
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Osteichthyes reproduction
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- Oviparous
- freshwater: few but large, demersal (buried or attached) that hatch into adult like fry. - Marine: pelagic (floating in open water, includes eggs/sperm and larvae. - larvae in marine are planktivorous |
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Elpistostgidae
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closest extinct relative to tetrapods.
- flattened body plan - loss of dorsal fins - reduced ventral fins - tail |
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Earliest tetrapods
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Ichthostega and Acanthostega
- no fins, but more-like hybrids of current tetrapods - found in Greenland |
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What evidence do we have that ichtho/ancanthostega came from the water?
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1) groove on ventral surface of ceratobranchials (middle pair of gill arches)- accommodate arteries to send blood to gills in modern fishes
2) ridge on shoulder girdle (supports posterior wall of operculum in fishes) |
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Polydactyly in inchthostega and acanthostega
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more than 5 digits in both
7 in Inchthostega 8 in acanthostega |
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Why are tetrapod characters advantageous in an aquatic environment?
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- limbs allow body to be propped up fro air breathing in shallow water.
- contact and mobility on land helps avoid predation. |
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- Stem tetrapods (ancient tetrapod)
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- Hynerpeton (1st terrestrial); believed to be lunged, shallow
inland access to water. Extinct. |