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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Systematics |
Study of evolutionary relationships, interpreting ways in which life has diversified and changed overt time and the relationships among living things |
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Taxonomy |
The theory and practice of describing, delineating, naming, and classifying organisms |
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Phylogenetics |
the methods for reconstructing hypotheses of relationships among organisms; visualize and test evolutionary relationships |
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System ranks |
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Genus Species |
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Phylogenetic tree |
Graphic representation of relationships/ancestry |
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Monophyly |
Group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants |
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Paraphyly |
Group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants minus a monophyletic group |
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Polyphyly |
Group whose members have two or more distant, separate origins (winged stuff, birds/bats) |
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Apomorphic |
Derived trait |
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Synapomorphic |
Shared derived trait (homologs), a trait that evolved in the common ancestor of the group of interest |
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Pleisomorphic |
Primitive trait |
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Sympleisomorphic |
Shared primitive trait, a trait shared by a group but evolved prior to common ancestor of that group |
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Homologous |
Trait is similar because of inheritance from a common ancestor |
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Homoplastic |
Trait is similar because of convergent evolution |
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Anadromous |
moves to streams/rivers to breed |
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Placoid scales |
In chondrichthyes, like little projecting teeth, replaced as fish grows |
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Claspers |
on pelvic fins of chondrichthyes, transfer sperm (mean internal fertilization) |
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Rajiformes |
5 gill slits on underside, no anal fin, skates oviparous |
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Dipnoi |
fins allow movement on land, swim bladder gets o2 from air |
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Cosmoid scales |
similar to placoid but more fused, grow with fish, seen in dipnoi |
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Ganoid scales |
in coelacanths and sturgeons. Thick and tough, don't overlap, rhomboid shape |
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Cycloid scales |
very thin and flexible, grow with fish, overlap, often transparent |
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Ctenoid scales |
cycloid but with ridged teeth |
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Scale types |
Ctenoid, cycloid, ganoid, placoid, cosmoid |
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Tidal ventilation |
In lampreys, branchial muscles contract and expand, water is drawn into and out of the gills |
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Ram ventilation |
in Chondrichthyes, no operculum so need to keep moving to pump water over the gills |
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spiracles |
Skates and rays breathe through 'em |
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gill pumping |
alternate contraction of buccal and opercular chambers |
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Sarcopterygii respiration |
Lungifsh have 2-lobed lungs, can bypass gills to use lungs when dry, coelacanths vestigial lungs and use gills |
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Regional heterothermy |
different parts of body are different temperatures, blood equillibriates with water temperature every time it goes through gills. Tuna keep core swimming muscles warm, can always swim fast |
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sterohaline |
tolerate narrow range of salinity |
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euryhaline |
tolerate wider range, fresh or salt |
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isosmolal |
Hagfish; osmotic equilibrium with seawater |
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hyposomal |
Lampreys and marine teleosts; lower salt than surroundings. Constantly losing water, chloride cells in gills pump ions out, concentrated urine |
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Hypersomal |
Coelacanths, cartilaginous fish, freshwater teleosts: higher salt than surroundings. Constantly taking in water, dilute urine, active transport of Na+ and Cl- in gills |
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Viscous drag |
Friction btw body and water, fast fish scaleless or small scales or secrete mucous layer |
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Inertial drag |
From pressure differences created by swimming, width 1/4 of length ideal for swimming speed |
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Buoyancy |
Chondrichthyes use huge liver with changeable amount of oil, bony fish use swim bladder |
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Swim bladder |
impermeable to gas diffusion, fish changes amount of gas in bladder because gas expands/contracts as fish changes location in water column |
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Pneumatic duct |
In primitive teleosts, between gut and bladder, allows to gulp/burp air (eel, herring, salmons, etc) |
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Physoclistic fish |
lack pneumatic duct, use rete mirabile/gas gland |
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rete mirabile |
network of capillaries adjacent to gas gland |
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gas gland |
extracts oxygen from capillaries and releases into swim bladder |
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fecundity |
number of offspring produced in a breeding cycle |
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R strategy |
Small organisms, energy to make each is low, many offspring produced, early maturity, short life expectancy |
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K strategy |
Large organisms, energy to make each is high, few offspring produced, late maturity, parental care, long life expectancy |
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Catadromous |
migrate from fresh to marine to spawn (eel) |
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Semelparity |
breed once then die |
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iteroparity |
breed multiple times |
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viviparity |
nourishment via maternal tissue through gestation |
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lecithotrophy (ovoviviparity) |
retention o eggs which develop from stored yolk. Eggs hatch within mother and live young are born (squalus acanthius) |
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Lamprey reproduction |
r strategy, anadromous, semelparous, oviparous |
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Hagfish reproduction |
Hermaphroditic, external fertilization, oviparous |
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Shark reproduction |
K strategy, internal fertilization, high maternal investment. Placentotropic matrotrophy, oophagy, uterus milk |
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Freshwater teleost reproduction |
K strategy, oviparous, paternal guarding, or broadcast spawning |
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Protandrous hermaphroditism |
males while small bodied, females when larger, when competition isn't a factor |
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protogynous hermaphroditism |
small when females, males when larger (when m/m mate competition) |
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passive electrolocation |
elasmobranchs use this to hone in on weak electrical fields that surround prey (ampullae/lorenzini) |
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active electrolocation |
fish can detect fields from their own organs or by other electrogenic fishes; communication (tuberous receptors) |
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Lissamphibia |
"Smooth" - gymnophiona, caudata, anura |
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Lissamphibia synapomorphies |
Mucous glands on skin, cutaneous respiration, small eyes with eyelids, nares, internal ear, adults carnivores |
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Paedomorphosis |
retention of larval characteristics past maturation |
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chytridiomycosis |
fungal pathogen, infects skin of amphibians |
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phallodeum |
male caecilians use it for internal fertilization (25% oviparous, 75% viviparous... eat skin) |
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salamander reproduction |
90% internal fertilization, mostly oviparous, via spermatophore |
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anuran reproduction |
explosive in wood frogs, prolonged in tree frogs |
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amplexus |
male grasps female from behind, female secretes eggs and male ejaculates over them |
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Nasolabial groove |
in plethodontids, draws fluid up to vomeronasal organ |
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Nicitating membrane |
secondary transparent or semitransparent eyelid in amphibians |
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Granular glands |
produce noxious or toxic cutaneous secretions |
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wet adhesion |
in toe pads of hylidae, secrete mucous, capillary bridges |
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aposematic coloring |
poison dart frogs, warns predators away |
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pelvic patch |
highly vascularized area of tissue, helps frog absorb water. High hydraulic conductance |
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positive pressure ventilation |
buccal pumping |
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cutaneous gas exchange |
carry O2 poor blood to skin for respiration |
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urostyle |
fused pelvis and vertebrae, makes back half of frog rigid to allow more powerful jumping |
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ventricular septum |
lacking in amphibian hearts, use pressure differences in circuits instead |
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spiral valve |
in ventricle, differently guides O2 poor blood to lungs and O2 rich blood to systemic arteries |
