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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
top, nonvascular layer of skin
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epidermis
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lower, vascular layer of skin
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dermis
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this embryonic structure forms the epidermis
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ectoderm
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this embryonic structure forms the dermis
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mesodermal dermatome
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name the standard layers of the skin, top to bottom
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1. stratum corneum
2. stratum germinatum 3. basal membrane 4. blood vessels 5. collagen and smooth muscle fibers |
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name some functions of the integument
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1. protection
2. extroreception 3. respiration 4. excretion 5. thermoregulation 6. locomotion 7. homeostasis 8. sexual/species signaling 9. production of vitamin D 10. prevention of dessication 11. color and camoflage |
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extant fishes have ____________ skin covered by ______
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nonkeratinized, mucous
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in extant fishes, the dermis gives rise to _____ _____ and _____ _______
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dermal bone, dermal scales
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what are some functions of the mucous on fish integument?
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1. protection
2. reduction of friction 3. precipitation of particles suspended in water 4. maintenance of osmotic balance |
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what do some amphibian glands produce for protection?
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alkaloids or poisons
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large, platelike reptilian scales
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scute
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reptilia: dermal abdominal bones
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gastralia
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cells responsible for pigmentation of integument
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melanophores/chromatophores
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aves: sebaceous gland at base of tail
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uropygial gland
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aves: integumentary gland found in marine birds
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salt gland
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name four specializations of the mammalian integument
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1. hair
2. glands 3. nails/claws/hooves 4. horns/antlers |
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the site of active cell division in skin is called the--
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germinal layer
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what is the name of the smooth muscle with origin on the dermis and insertion on the shaft of a hair?
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arrector pili
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another name for an animal's coat of fur
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pelage
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long, coarse outer hairs
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guard hairs
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sensory organs, extension of hair
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vibrissae
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modification of hair used for protection from predators
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quills
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name the layers of a hair, from outside in
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1. cuticle
2. cortex 3. medulla |
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what is the name for the patterns in which hair grows?
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hair tracts
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what is the formal name for oil-producing glands? name some derivations of this type of gland.
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sebaceous glands; wax and meibomian glands (ear and eye, respectively)
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where are sweat glands found in high concentration?
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friction ridges on hands and feet
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the hard and soft part of nails and claws are called:
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unguis, subunguis
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the outer covering of bone
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periosteum
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circles of bone formation connected to each other by canals (name the formation and the canals)
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lamellae, Volkmann's canals
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this canal supplies the bone lamellae
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Haversian canal
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spongy bone (_______ bone) is mostly hollow, connected by spicules called ________
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cancellous, trabeculae
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_______ bone formation begins in cartilage, with the primary ossification center located in the _______
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endochondral, diaphysis
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secondary ossification centers begin at the _______, and growth occurs at the ________ _________
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epiphyses, epiphyseal plate
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when ossification begins in the mesenchyme, it's called _______ and is formed in what way?
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intramembranous, flat sheets
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this type of connective tissue links bones together
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ligaments
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this type of connective tissue links muscle to bone
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tendons
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when mature connective tissue ossifies, a _________ bone is formed
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sesamoid
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the part of the skull most closely associated with the senses
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chondrocranium
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section of the skull that supposedly developed from mandibular arches
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splanchnocranium
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section of the skull that forms protective outer layer of bone
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dermatocranium
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name the 5 bone series of the dermatocranium
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1. facial
2. orbital 3. vault 4. temporal 5. palatal |
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jaw attachment in which there is a single point of articulation at the palatoquadrate
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autostylic
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jaw attachment in which there is are two points of articulation at the palatoquadrate and hyomandibula
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amphistylic
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jaw attachment with multiple points of articulation at the hyomandibula and other mobile attachments
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hyostylic
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name the three "ancestral" bones that form the inner ear and their mammal homologues
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hyomandibula --> stapes
quadrate --> incus articular --> malleus |
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type of cranial kinesis with transverse hinge across skull root
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metakinesis
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type of cranial kinesis with hinge behind orbit
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mesokinesis
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type of cranial kinesis with hinge in front of orbit
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prokinesis (either monokinetic or dikinetic)
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the pelvic girdle forms only by _________ ossification
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endochondral
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the _____ is a structure in birds analagous to phalanges
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manus
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a pointed-toe posture
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unguligrade
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a posture resting on the phalanges
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digitigrade
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human posture, suited for walking
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plantigrade
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muscles that originate proximally and insert distally
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extrinsic
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muscles that originate distally and insert proximally
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extrinsic
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helping muscles
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synergists
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a prime moving muscle
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agonist
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muscle that reverses primary movement
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antagonist
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this process causes muscle to place itself in between vertebrae, allowing for attachment between them
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scleratomal resegmentation
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______ muscle insertions create strength, ________ insertions allow speed
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distal, proximal
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this jaw structure allows some degree of free rotation to the quadrate against its dorsal connection with the braincase
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streptostyly
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name 6 functions of muscle
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1. movement
2. protection 3. heat production 4. noise 5. electricity 6. protein source |
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abduct:adduct::
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away:towards
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name some examples of dermal muscle
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panniculus carnosus (mole skin)
curling hedgehog quivering horse |
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name the chin muscle in mammals
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platysma
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respiration requires
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highly vascular membranes and thin, moist epithelia
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the moving of oxygenated medium across an exchange surface is called
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ventilation
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the loss of O2 in blood by pumping it though capillaries is called
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perfusion
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arising in the walls of pharyngeal pouches and supported by the pharyngeal arches, these structures exchange oxygen in a watery environment
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internal gills
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the number of this respitory structure are associated with general activity level
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gill filaments
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this structure keeps debris from entering the gills
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gill raker
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name the three types of gills and their structure
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1. pseudobranch (reduced 1st gill slit)
2. helobranch (lamellae on both ant/post septum) 3. hemibranch (lamellae on only one side) |
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how do gills osmoregulate?
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by excreting nitrogenous wastes and C02
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from where do lungs develop embryonically?
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an outpocketing of the foregut
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this type of air bladder has a permanent connection with the pharynx
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physostomous
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this type of air bladder maintains seperation between the air bladder and pharynx
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physoclistus
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the capillary bed of the air bladder is called
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rete mirabile
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name the respiratory pattern in the following groups: 1. fish, 2. aves, 3. mammals
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1. countercurrent
2. crosscurrent 3. uniform pool (tidal) |
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what motion assists with turtle respiration, and why does it need assistance?
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movement of the legs; the restriction is due to the inflexible carapace
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pleuriperitoneal cavities belong in which group?
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amphibians
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pleural cavities belong to which groups?
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crocodilians, birds, mammals
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these structures in birds allow one-way flow of air
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parabronchi
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air exchange in avian capillary beds occurs at the
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mediodorsal bronchus
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air enters eggs through the __________ ________
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chorioallantoic membrane
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the organ that produces birdsong is called the _______ and is located at the _______ of the _________
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syrinx, bifurcation, trachea
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the opening to the trachea is called the __________, and its closing mechanism th
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glottis, epiglottis
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the digestive system (all except for its epithelium) form from this embryonic structure
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splanchnic mesoderm
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the anterior invagination of the embryo becomes the ________ while the posterior the ____________
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stomodeum, proctodeum
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the two membranes that form at the interface of digestive and integumentary systems are the
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buccopharyngeal and aboral membranes
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what is the falciform ligament of the liver?
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a remnant of embryonic ventral mesentary
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this bone stiffens the tongue of lizards and birds
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entoglossal
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in this tooth type, top and bottom are mismatched, creating a tearing surface
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carnassial
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in this tooth type, top and bottom are matched, creating a grinding surface
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grinding(?)
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this type of tooth is specialized for eating very hard substances
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durophagus
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name the general path of the digestive system
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orophyaryngeal/oral cavity-->pharynx-->esophagus-->stomach-->intestine
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