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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Primary vs Secondary Curvatures |
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Starting from the Head and Neck |
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Abnormal Curvatures of the Vertebral Column |
Kyphosis (Hunchback): Increased THORACIC curvature usually resulFngfrom osteoporosis Lordosis (Swayback):Increased LUMBAR or CERVICAL curvature due toweakened abdominal muscles oQen associated with pregnancy orobesity Scoliosis: LATERAL curvature that is more commonly associated withfemales |
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Structure of Typical Vertebrae |
• Vertebral Body: weight barring • Vertebral Arch: pedicle +laminae • Transverse Processes: ligament/muscle attachment • Articular Processes: superiorand inferior • Vertebral Notches: superior andinferior o Forms INTERVERBRAL CANAL |
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Identifying Features of Vertebrae: Cervical |
Cervical (C1-C7): • Bifid spinous process, transverse foramen, kidneyshaped vertebral foramen with a SMALL body • C1 (Atlas): lack body and spinous process o 2 ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINTS – “YES”nodding • C2 (Axis): contains DENS (odontoid process) whicharticulates with tubercle of C1 o 3 ATLANTO-AXIAL joints (2 lateral and 1median) – “NO” nodding • C6: contains CARTOID tubercle, vertebral a. entersat level of C6 AFAIK, although C7 also has T.F. |
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Identifying Features of Vertebrae: THORACIC +LUMBAR |
(T1-T12): • Costal facets: vertebral body +transverse process – formCOSTOVERTEBRAL andCOSTOTRANSVERSE jointsLumbar (L1-L5): • LARGE body with blunt spinousprocess |
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Identifying Features of Vertebrae: SACRUM + COCCYX |
Sacrum (S1-S5): • Sacral promontory, anterior/posterior sacral foramen(ventral/dorsal rami), • Sacral hiatus: most inferiorregion Coccyx (Tail Bone): • 4 fused bones |
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Ligaments |
Anterior + Posterior Longitudinal (note PLL c2 up is tech membrane) Ligamentum Flavum (connect the laminas) Interspinous Inter transverse Supraspinous (Nuchal ligament incervical region) Intervertebral Discs Joints: zygapophyseal andintervertebral |
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Spinal Cord: Cross Section |
• White Matter: superficial • Grey Matter: o Ventral (Anterior) Horn: motor o Dorsal (Posterior) Horn: sensory (runs to the end) o Lateral Horn: T1- L2/L3 |
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Meninges of Spinal Cord |
• Meninges: o Dura mater o Arachnoid Mater o Pia Mater ▪ Denticulate Ligament: pia mater that reflects off the spinalcord, passes through the arachnoid, and aTaches to dura • Meningeal Spaces (continuation from CNS: o Epidural: contains FAT o Subdural: potential o Subarachnoid: CSF |
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Cauda Equina, Dural Sac, Filum Terminale, Conus Medullaris |
• Conus Medullaris: Inferior portion of spinal cord from L2/L3 • Cauda Equina: nerve rootlets and roots that arisefrom the end of spinal cord o Lumbar Puncture: below conus medullaris at L4/L5 o Epidural injection: L4/L5 (iliac crest is used as landmark) • Dural Sac: end of dural mater at S2 level • Filum Terminale: pia mater that extends fromconus medullaris to coccyx o Internal and external |
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Arterial Blood Supply |
(1) Longitudinal Arteries: • Anterior spinal (1): arises from vertebral a. • Posterior Spinal (2): arises from posteriorinferior cerebellar a. or vertebral a. (2) Segmental Arteries: Arise fromintercostal a., ascending cervical a.,ascending lumbar a. • Radicular arteries: branches that supplyroots/rootlets that enter viaINTERVERTEBRAL foramen • Radicular Magna: single unpaired a. supplymajority of lower spinal cord |
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Venous Drainage - Valveless |
(1) Basovertebral vein: drainsbodies of vertebrae anddrains into VENOUS plexus (2) Vertebral Venous System:valveless, runs from pelvis tocranium • Anterior INTERNAL/EXTERNAL • Posterior INTERNAL/EXTERNAL |
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Spinal Nerves |
• 8 cervical: C1 from base of skull + C8between C7/T1: know vert a. entry at C6 • 12 Thoracic • 5 Lumbar • 5 Sacral • 1 coccygeal |
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Pathway of Fibers in Spinal Nerves |
(1) Communicans: • White Rami: myelinated preganglionicsympathetic fibers • Gray Rami: nonmyelinatedpostganglionic sympathetic fibers (2) Vertebral Canal: • Dorsal rootlets/roots: afferent • Ventral rootlets/roots: efferent (3) Intervertebral Foramen: • DRG: collection of sensory cell bodies (4) Spinal Nerve:• Nerve, rami (dorsal/ventral) = MIXED(sensory + motor) |
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Schematic of Vertebral Branches |
Posterior ramus: intrinsic back muscles Anterior ramus: extrinsic muscle |
