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22 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
*
Obligatory
a. word or phrase is nec. to complete the meaning of the verb phrase
***
Optional
a. word or phrase may be used to expand the information or meaning in the sentence but isn't nec. in order for sentence to be complete
**
Examples of Obligatory
a. Adverbials: The boys are outside

b. Adjectives: George became upset
****
Examples of Optional
a. Adverbials: Jack sleeps all morning

b. Adjectives: Dad bought a new car
*****
Adverbials
a. word or phrase functioning like an adverb - ie: convey sense of how, where, when, or why
a
Six Kinds of Adverbials
a. of manner - how?*
b. of reason - why?
c. of frequency - how often?*
d. of duration - how long?
e. of place - where?*
f. of time - when?*
NB: * are most common
aa
Examples of One-Word Adverbials
a. time: now, tomorrow,today, later, Saturday
b. place: here, there, outside, inside
c. freq: weekly, occasionally, often, never
d. manner: hard, fast, slowly, gracefully, calmly
*Most one-word adverbials can move around sentence
aaa
Noun Phrase Adverbials
a. adverbials that have the form of noun phrases
b. time: this week, next sunday, tomorrow morning
c. freq: each week, every day, every saturday
d. duratioon: an hour, three hours, all day
aaaa
Prepositional Phrase Adverbials
a. PP--> Prep + NP
b. 60 simple prepositions (one-word)
c. 25 compound prepositions
aaaaa
Common Prepositions
a. across, after, among, at, before, between, by
b. during, for, from, in, into, like, near, off, on, out, opposite, over
c. round, since, through, to, under, until, up, with
b
Common Prepositions
a. in back of, by means of, in front of, instead of, on account of, on top of
b. time: in the morning, at sundown, after the game, on tuesday
c. place: to the store, in the basement, at school, near the door, on a corner
d. manner: in a hurry, with a knife, like a dog, by machine
e. duration: for three hours,throughout the night, until midnight, about two days
bb
Adverb Derivations
a. many are derived from other words by adding -ly (=adverbials of manner)
b. can be derived from adj - calmly
c. can be derived from adj from nouns - sleepily
d. can be derived from adj from verbs - agreeably
bbb
Adjectives
a. words used to comment on characteristics of, or assign attributes to, the persons or things about which we speak and write.
b. can be used to describe self and our feelings
c. may state: condition, quality, size, shape, age, or color of a noun
bbbb
Adjectives
(Continued)
a. used in a sentence as constituent in verb phrase : The lecture was boring
b. used in sentence as prenominal modifiers: Jane baked a delicious cake
bbbbb
Noun Adjuncts
a. Nouns that are used before head nouns in a NP
c
Noun Phrase Elaborations
a. the embedding of adj used as noun modifiers and of noun adjuncts
cc
Modifier Cases
a. cardinal, ordinal, size, shape, color, quality, condition, age
b. above meanings are expressed by adj used as sent. constituent or noun modifiers
ccc
Proposition
a. when adj or noun adjuncts are embedded in sent. as elaborations of NP, one is able to include another bit of info/proposition
cccc
Adjective Inflections
a. adj can be inflected with -er and -est to indicate comparison (bigger, biggest)
ccccc
Three Degrees of Adjectives
a. positive - base form (big)
b. comparative (bigger)
c. superlative (biggest)
d
Irregular Adjectives
a. positive - important
b. comparative: more important
c. superlative: most important

NB: key words are more and most
dd
Adjective Derivations
a. can be derived from nouns and verbs
b. noun derivation: power --> powerless
c. verb derivation: touch --> touchable