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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Primary Functions of respiratory system?
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•Obtaining oxygen
•Removing carbon dioxide |
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Other Functions of respiratory system?
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•Filtering particles from incoming air
•Controlling the temperature of the air •Controlling water content of the air •Producing sounds used in speech •Sense of smell •Regulation of pH |
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filter incoming air; transport from outside of body to lungs; gas exchange ?
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Respiratory System
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exchanging gas between atmosphere and body cells ?
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Respiration
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utilization of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by cells ?
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Cellular Respiration
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Consists of:
- Bone and cartilage - 2 nostrils for air to enter and leave - hairs to stop particles |
Nose
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divides nasal cavity into right and left ?
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Nasal Septum
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Consists of:
-Hollow space behind nose -Nasal Septum ? |
Nasal Cavity
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Consists of:
- Air filled spaces; reduce the weight of the skull - Affect voice quality ? |
Sinuses
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Consists of:
i. Throat -Passage for food from oral cavity to the esophagus -Passage for air from the nasal cavity to the larynx -Creates sounds of speech ? |
Pharynx
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-Enlargement of airway at the top of the trachea
-Passage for air and also stops particles ? |
Larynx
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second set, lower region, sound is produced?
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true vocal cord
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upper region, no sound produced, close larynx when swallowing ?
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false vocal cord
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slit between vocal cords
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glottis
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iv. glottis: slit between vocal cords flap to stop food and liquid from entering airway
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epiglottis
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“windpipe”
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Trachea
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tube with cartilage to prevent collapsing
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Trachea
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“branched airway from the trachea to micro air sacs”
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Bronchial Tree
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right and left; branch from the trachea
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primary bronchi
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finer tubes of bronchi branches
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bronchioles
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very thin tubes
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alveolar ducts
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microscopic air sacs that are at the end of the respiratory tubes
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alveoli
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-Soft, spongy organs
-Closed in by diaphragm and thoracic cage |
Lungs
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-Divides right and left with heart and mediastinum
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Lungs
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Inspiration ?
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inhale
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inhale does what (3) ?
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-Atmospheric pressure pushes air into lungs
-Diaphragm muscles contract and go down -Lungs fill with air |
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Expiration ?
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exhale
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exhale does what (2) ?
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-Much elastic tissue
-Diaphragm goes up |
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500 cubic cm air enters and leaves
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Tidal volume
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forced inspiration is: tidal plus (+) forced amount
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Inspiratory reserve
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tidal amount plus (+) extra leave
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Expiratory reserve
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amount left even after forced out; remains in lungs at all times
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Residual volume
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inspiratory volume plus (+) tidal volume plus (+) expiratory reserve volume; maximum amount of air a person can exhale after their deepest breath
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Vital capacity
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Control of Breathing is ?
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Rhythmic and involuntary
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regulates depth and rhythm
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Inflation Reflex
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decrease blood carbon dioxide levels; breathe abnormally deep
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Hyperventilation
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from a compound in RBC
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Hemoglobin
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oxygen combines with hemoglobin in blood
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Oxyhemoglobin
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carbon dioxide and hemoglobin
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Carbaminohemoglobin
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carbon dioxide + water = carbonic acid (H2CO3)
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Bicarbonate ion
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enzyme to speed up reaction between carbon dioxide and water
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Carbonic anhydrase
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process in which food changes form so it can be absorbed
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Digestion
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organs that promote digestion
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Digestive System
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mouth to anus
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Alimentary Canal
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release secretions into canal
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Accessory Organs
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ALIMENTARY CANAL
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30 feet long
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4 layers of alimentary canal
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i.Mucous Membrane
ii.Submucosa iii.Muscular Layer iv.Serous Layer |
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1.innermost layer
2.absorption and secretion 3.protects layers below |
Mucous Membrane (mucosa)
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1.nourish surrounding cells
2.carry away absorbed materials |
Submucosa (loose connective tissue)
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1.contracts tube
2.shortens tube |
Muscular Layer (smooth muscle)
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1.outermost layer
2.lubricates outer tube so it can rub |
Serous Layer
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serosa and also visceral peritoneum
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Serous Layer
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alimentary canal has two basic motor functions ?
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1.Mixing
2.Propelling |
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when stomach is full
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Mixing
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push contents ahead
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Propelling
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propelling to move and push food through
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Peristalis
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Receives food; prepares for digestion
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THE MOUTH
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between the palate and the tongue
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Oral Cavity
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space between teeth, cheek, and lip
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Vestibule
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1. ____ have muscle for expression and chewing
2. ___ are for temperature and texture detection of food 3. ____ are red due to blood vessels close to the surface |
1. Cheeks
2. Lips 3. Lips |
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Fills the oral cavity
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Tongue
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skin on the bottom of the tongue to hold it in the oral cavity
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Frenulum
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on surface for friction and taste buds
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Papillae
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posterior part of the tongue anchors to hyoid bone
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Roof
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lymphatic tissue at the base of the tongue
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Linguinal tonsils
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Forms roof of the oral cavity
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Palate
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hard palate:
soft palate: |
anterior portion
posterior portion |
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hanging projection
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Uvula
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help protect against infection
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Palatine tonsils
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(adenoids) posterior wall of pharynx; above soft palate
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Pharyngeal tonsils
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infected and inflamed
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Tonsilitis
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a.first set
b.6 months to 2 ½ years old c.20 total teeth |
deciduous (primary)
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a.second set
b.32 total teeth |
permanent (secondary)
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front teeth; to bite off (8 total)
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Incisors (8 total)
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canines; grasp and tear food
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Cuspids (4 total)
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grinding
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Bicuspids (8 total)
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grinding
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Molars (12 total)
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where crown and root meet
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Neck
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projects out of gum
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Crown
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anchors tooth to alveolar bone of jaw
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Root
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-white color of crown; made of Calcium salts
1.hardest part of the human body 2.cannot replace itself |
Enamel
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thin layer of cementum and periodontal ligament
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Root:
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decay of tooth enamel and dentine cavity
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Dental caries
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tooth under the enamel
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Dentine
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-Function to secrete saliva
-Moistens food and binds it together -Begins carbohydrate digestion |
SALIVARY GLANDS
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-Dissolves food chemicals
-Cleanses the mouth and teeth -Salivary Secretions |
SALIVARY GLANDS
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produce digestive enzyme amylase
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Serous Cells
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splits starch and glycogen from carbohydrates
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Amylase
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secrete mucous that binds food and lubricates to swallow
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Mucous Cells
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largest; fluid rich in amylase
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Parotid Glands
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more viscous fluid
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Submandibular Glands
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smallest; secrete thick and stringy fluid
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Sublingual Glands
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Connects nasal and oral cavities with larynx and esophagus
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Pharynx
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passage for air during breathing
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Nasopharynx
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passage for food from mouth
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Oropharynx
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opens into larynx
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Laryngopharynx
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Swallowing Mechanism-3 stages
List First : |
1.chew food
2.mix with saliva 3.push into pharynx with tongue |
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Swallowing Mechanism-3 stages
List Second: |
1.start swallowing reflex
2.peristallic wave push food into esophagus |
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Swallowing Mechanism-3 stages
List Third: |
1.food enters esophagus
2.goes into stomach |
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-Passage from pharynx to stomach
-Muscles prevent regurgitation -Mucous glands keep it lubricated |
Esophagus
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J shaped; pouch-like; rugae-thick folds; gastric juice
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STOMACH
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near esophageal opening; upper half of stomach
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Cardiac Region
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above cardiac region; temporary storage
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Fundus
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main part of stomach
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Body
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narrows body of stomach; lower half
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Pyloric Region
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approach to small intestine
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Pyloric Canal
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pylorus; muscle that acts in regurgitation of food
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Pyloric sphincter
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____ glands are secretory parts of the stomach
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Gastric
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near gastric pit; mucous
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Mucous Cell
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secretes digestive enzymes
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Chief Cell
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holds hydrochloric acid
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Parietal Cell
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a combination of secretions of all 3 gastric glands
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Gastric juice
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most important digestive enzyme; starts digestion
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Pepsin
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a hormone that increases gastric gland secretions
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Gastrin
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semi fluid paste of food and gastric juices
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Chyme:
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Stomach’s rate of emptying depends on:
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1.fluid of chime
2.food present |
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Endocrine and exocrine; secretes digestive juice
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Pancreas
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Enzyme to digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids
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Pancreatic Juice
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carbohydrate-digesting
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Pancreatic amylase:
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fat digesting
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Pancreatic lipase:
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protein splitting
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Proteinases:
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breakdown nucleic acids into nucleotides
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Nucleases:
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Regulated by nerve action and hormones
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Pancreas
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released into blood from the duodenum and stimulates pancreatic juice releases; helps to neutralize digestion in intestine
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Secretin:
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from intestinal wall but increases digestive enzymes
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Chylecystokinin:
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-Largest gland in the body
-Carbohydrate metabolism to maintain blood glucose |
Liver
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1.form urea
2.blood protein (clotting) 3.amino acids changed to other amino acids 4. secretes bile |
Protein metabolism
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eat up bad red blood cells
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macrophages:
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alters toxic substances
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detoxification:
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Large right lobe; small left lobe
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liver
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hepatic cells that radiate out from the central vein
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Hepatic lobules:
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remove bacteria
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Kupffer cells:
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-Yellow-green liquid
-For digestion purposes |
Bile
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Sac on the ventral side of the liver
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Gall Bladder
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leads to the duodenum
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Common bile duct
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Three Parts of s. intestine:
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-Duodenum: first part
-Jejunum: second part -Ileum: third part |
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velvet lining
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Intestinal villi:
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breaks down proteins into amino acids
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Peptidases:
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Converts disaccharides (sucrase, maltase, lactase) into monosaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose)
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small intestine
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fats are converted into fatty acids + glycerol
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Intestinal lipase:
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sphincter muscle; where ileum joins the caecum
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Ileocecal valve:
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start of the large intestine
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Caecum:
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no digestive function; lymphatic tissue to resist infection
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vermiform appendix:
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caecum and above
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Ascending colon:
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goes left and across; longest part
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Transverse:
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goes down
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Descending:
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s-shape of descending portion
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Sigmoid:
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along sacrum curve; ends after the coccyx
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Rectum
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last 2.5 – 4.0 cm of the large intestine
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Anal Canal
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distal end; sphincter muscles
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anus
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occurs 2/3 times a day; push contents to the rectum
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Mass movement:
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hold breath, contract abdominal wall muscles
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Defecation reflex:
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materials that cannot be digested; 75% water
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Feces:
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process when food are taken in and used by the body
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Nutrition:
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food substances; essentials needed by the body
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Nutrients:
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-Sugars and Starches
-Supply energy -Grains, vegetables, seafood, sugars |
Carbohydrates
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-Organic compounds
-Triglycerides such as fats and oils -Meats, eggs, milk, lard, and nuts -Has cholesterols |
lipids
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-Organic compounds that serve as structural materials in cells
-Regulate metabolic reactions -Supply energy |
protiens
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examples of proteins
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Meat, fish, poultry, cheese, nuts, milk, eggs, and cereal
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Essential amino acids:
-___that cannot be made -___need all 10 -___need 8 |
-10
-children -adults |
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have adequate amounts of essential amino acids
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Complete Proteins:
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lack essential amino acid tryptophan, lysine, and gelatin; results in the inability to support tissue maintenance and growth
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Incomplete Proteins:
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lack essential amino acids lysine; tend not to promote growth but will maintain life
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Partially Complete Proteins:
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