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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nervous System
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master controlling and communicating system ; all thoughts, action, and emotions
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Nervous System Functions
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1.Uses sensory receptors to monitor changes
2.Process and interpret the sensory input and make decisions 3.Effects a response by activating a muscle or a gland |
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Stimuli
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the change
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Sensory Input
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the gathered information
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Integration
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decision making
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Motor output
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muscle response
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Uses sensory receptors to monitor changes
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Stimuli
Sensory Input: |
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Process and interpret the sensory input and make decisions
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Integration
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Effects a response by activating a muscle or a gland
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Motor output
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ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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divided by its structures or activities
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Structural Classification (2 types)
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1.Central Nervous System (CNS)
2.Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
a. includes the b. located in the c. interprets |
a.brain and spinal cord
b.dorsal body cavity c.incoming sensory and put out instructions |
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
a. located b.consists of _____ & ______ nerves c. is a big |
a.outside of the CNS
communication line |
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cranial nerves
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carry impulses to and from the brain
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spinal nerves
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carry impulses to and from spinal cord
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PNS Funcitonal Classification
1.based on the 2.has ___ divisions |
1.Peripheral Nervous System
2. 2 |
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PNS Sensory (afferent)
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nerve fibers take impulses to the CNS from the sensory receptors
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PNS somatic sensory fibers
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skin and skeletal muscles
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PNS visceral sensory fibers (_________)
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(afferents)
visceral organs |
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PNS Motor (________)
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(efferent)
carries impulse from the CNS to effector organ |
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somatic nervous system (_______ n.s.
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(voluntary N.S.)
consciously, voluntarily controls skeletal muscles |
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autonomic nervous system (_______ n.s.)
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(involuntary N.S.) autonomic, involuntary
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NERVOUS TISSUE
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STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
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NERVOUS TISSUE
-Neuroglia |
supporting cells lumped together; support, insulate, and protect neurons; nicknamed “glia”
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NERVOUS TISSUE
-astrocyte a. b. c. |
a.star-shaped
b.half of all neurologlia c.found between capillaries and neurons iv. help control chemical environment in brain |
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NERVOUS TISSUE
-microglia: a. b. c. |
a. spiderlike
b. phagocytosis – eat dead brain cells c. connect neurons only |
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NERVOUS TISSUE
-ependymal cells: a. b. |
a. line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
b. help to circulate cerebrospinal fluid |
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NERVOUS TISSUE
-oligodendrocytes: a. b. |
a. wrap around nerve fibers
b. produce fat to insulate (myelin sheath) |
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NERVOUS TISSUE
Differences to Neurons a. b. |
a. Cannot transmit nerve impulses
b. Can always divide |
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Can brain tumors (gliomas) which are made of neuroglia cells, keep dividing?
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Yes- they are supporting cell nervous tissue
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PNS Supporting Cells
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a. Schwann cell
b. Satellite cell |
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Schwann cell
a. b. |
a. Covers nerve fiber
b. Makes myelin sheath |
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Satellite cell
a. b. |
a. Protect and cushion
b. Covers the cell body |
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Neuron or “Nerve Cell”
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specialized to transmit messages from one body part to another
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Neuron or “Nerve Cell” Anatomy:
a.Cell body: b.Processes: |
a. has nucleus, metabolic center
b. extend from the cell body |
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Dendrite
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conduct current to the cell body
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Axon
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conduct current away from the cell body
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axonal terminal
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the end where chemicals are released
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neurotransmitter
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the chemical released
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synaptic cleft
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the space between the neurons
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synapse
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the joining of the cleft
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myelin
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white fat that covers the nerve fiber, increases nerve impulse rate
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Schwann Cell
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a supporting cell that wraps around an axon
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Myelin sheath
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tight coil of membranes that encloses the axon
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Neurilemma
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outermost part; outside of the myelin sheath
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Nodes of Ranvier
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gap between the Schwann cells
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Multiple Sclerosis
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myelin sheath is destroyed therefore control is lost
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Neuron Classification (function and structure
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i. Based on the direction the nerve impulse travels to the CNS
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Sensory (afferent)
1. 2. 3. |
1. from sensory receptor > CNS
2. tells us what goes on in and out of the body 3. receptors pick up information |
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Neuron Classification
Proprioceptors = |
Sensory (afferent)
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Proprioceptors
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stretch, muscle, tendon
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Motor (efferent)
1. 2. |
1. nerve impulses from the CNS > viscera or muscle
2. causes the reaction |
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Association Neurons(interneurons)
1. |
1. connect sensory and motor neurons
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Neuron Classification
Functional:(3) |
1.Sensory (afferent)
2.Motor (efferent) 3.Association Neurons(interneurons) |
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Neuron Classification
Structural:(3) |
1.Multipolar neuron
2.Bipolar neuron 3.Unipolar neuron |
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Neuron Classification
Structural Based on: |
the number of processes
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Multipolar neuron
1. 2. |
1.several processes
2.most common |
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Bipolar neuron
1. 2. 3. |
1. 2 processes
2. 1 axon and 1 dendrite 3. rare; only in the eye and the ear |
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Unipolar neuron
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1. 1 process
2. very short process |
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Neuron Physiology
2 major functions |
1. Irritability
2. Conductivity |
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Irritability
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ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse
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Conductivity
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ability to transmit impulses to other neurons, muscles, or glands
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Nerve Impulse Steps
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a.Polarized or “Resting Stage"
b.Depolarization c.Action Potential d.Repolarization |
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Polarized or “Resting Stage”
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Fewer + ions inside the cell than outside of the cell
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Depolarization
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Na+ ions from the outside diffuse inside to the neuron and therefore the inside now has more + ions
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Action Potential
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The depolarization activates the neuron to transmit a nerve impulse down the length of the axon
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Repolarization
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K+ ions now move out of the cell, causing the inside to become negative again, returning to the resting stage
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Reflex
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rapid, predictable and involuntary response to a stimuli
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Reflex arc
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the path a reflex takes
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Autonomic reflex
1.regulates: (4) Examples: |
1.regulates smooth muscle, heart, and glands
EX:saliva, eye pupils, digestion, blood pressure |
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Somatic reflex
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all reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles
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2 types of reflexes
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1.Autonomic reflex
2.Somatic reflex |
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
3 Major components |
Neural tube
Central canal Ventricles |
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Neural tube
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in the embryo, the first sign of the CNS development
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Neural tube:
anterior end= |
Where the brain forms
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Neural tube:
posterior end= |
Where the spinal cord forms
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Central canal
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continues from the brain to the spinal cord; enlarged into 4 regions of the brain
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Ventricles=
Known as: |
four regions of the brain
1.Cerebral Hemispheres 2.Diencephalon or “interbrain” 3.Brain Stem 4.Cerebellum |
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Cerebral Hemispheres
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Larger than all of the other 3 regions put together
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Gyri
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elevated ridges
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Sulci
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shallow grooves between gyri
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Fissures
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deeper grooves
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Parietal lobe
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1.somatic sensory area
2.pain, cold, touch, taste, speech |
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Occipital lobe
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visual area
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Temporal lobe
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olfactory, auditory, memory
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Frontal lobe
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1.primary motor area
2.face, mouth, hands |
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Broca’s area
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speech, in left hemisphere
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Gray matter
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outside tissue (cerebral cortex)
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White matter
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deep tissue
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Corpus callosum
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connects the right and left hemispheres
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Basal nuclei
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islands of gray matter buried into deep white matter
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Basal nuclei
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regulate voluntary motor control
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Huntington’s Chorea
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genetic disorder in which you cannot control muscles; jerky movements; basal nuclei problem
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Parkinson’s Disease
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can’t get muscles to move; hand tremors; missing dopamine neurotransmitter
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Diencephalon or “interbrain”
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Sits on top of the brain stem
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Diencephalon or “interbrain”
3 major structures |
1.thalamus
2. 3. |
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Diencephalon: Also known as the "_____-______"
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interbrain
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thalamus
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can tell good and bad sensation
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hypothalamus or “floor”:
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1.regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism
2.limbic system or emotional drives |
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epithalamus or “roof”:
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has choroids plexus which forms cerebrospinal fluid
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Brain Stem
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Path for ascending and descending tracts
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Brain Stem
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Made of reticular formation (gray matter)
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Reticular activating system (RAS):
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Awake/sleep cycle
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Brain Stem 3 parts
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1.Midbrain
2.Pons 3.Medulla Oblongata |
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Midbrain
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bision and hearing
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Pons
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controls breathing
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Medulla Oblongata
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heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, breathing, vomiting, and anger
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Cerebellum
a.Has __ hemispheres b.Controls ______ & ________ c.Damage will cause ______ or _______ _________. |
a. 2
b. balance and equilibrium c.ataxia, or clumsy movements |
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Meninges
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connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the CNS
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Meninges:3 types
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a.dura mater
b.arachnoid mater c.pia mater |
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Meninges:
dura mater |
-outermost double layer
-surrounds brain |
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Meninges:
dura mater |
-leathery in texture
-"tough or hard mother" |
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arachnoid mater
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-middle layer
-web-like, similar to a spider web |
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pia mater
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-innermost layer
-“gentle mother” |
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Meningitis
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-Inflamed meninges
-Can spread to nervous tissue of the CNS |
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Encephalitis
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Inflamed brain
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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a. watery broth
b. low in protein, high in vitamin C c. formed from choroids plexuses |
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Lumbar Spinal Tap
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CSF sample
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Hydrocephalus:
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1. water on the brain
2. CSF accumulates and a shunt is needed |
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Cerebral Edema
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Swelling of the brain due to head blows
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Contusion
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Tissue destruction causing a coma
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Concussion
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Slight brain injury including dizziness, stars, brief unconsciousness
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Cerebrovascular accidents
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Also called “strokes”
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Alzheimer’s Disease
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-Also called dementia or mental deterioration
-Protein deposits and calcium |
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Cerebrovascular accidents
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Third leading cause of death in the U.S.
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Alzheimer’s Disease
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Symptoms of memory loss, irritability, moodiness, confusion, and violence
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Spinal Cord
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a 17 inch long continuation of the brain stem
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Spinal Cord
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a two-way pathway to and from the brain
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Spinal Cord
STARTS at: ENDS at: |
Start: foramen magnum
Ends: 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae |
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Spinal Cord
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31 pair of spinal nerves
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cauda equina
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end of the spinal cord that is the collection of spinal nerves
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gray matter
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a. surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord
b. branches off on both sides and then surrounded by white matter |
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white matter
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a. made of myelinated fibers
b. makes up remaining area of the spinal cord |
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quadriplegic
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all four limbs are paralyzed
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paraplegic
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only legs are paralyzed
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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made of nerves and groups of neural cell bodies
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nerve
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a. a bundle of neuron fibers outside of the CNS
b. classified by the directions they carry an impulse |
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mixed nerve
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1.carry sensory and motor fibers
2.all spinal nerves are mixed |
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afferent or sensory
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nerve takes impulses to CNS
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efferent or motor
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1.carry only motor fiber
2.nerve takes impulses out of the CNS |
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Cranial Nerves
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a.serve head and neck
b.most are mixed nerves |
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vagus nerves
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only pair of cranial nerves that go to the thoracic cavity and abdomen
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sensory nerves
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optic, olfactory, and vestibulocochlear (hearing and equilibrium)
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# of spinal nerves
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31
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plexuses
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the networking of nerves
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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involuntary nervous system
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Pupils dilate, arteries contract= examples of the:
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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a. motor subdivision of the PNS
b. controls body activities automatically |
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Sympathetic NS
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Prepares body for energy spending, stress, and emergency
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Parasympathetic NS
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- Active under normal restful conditions
- Helps to restore body after stress |
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Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic in a car accident:
1._______ will increase the heart rate and breathing rate |
Sympathetic
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Sympathetic vs.Parasympathetic in a car accident:
1._______ will lower the heart rate and breathing rate after trauma |
Parasympathetic
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Autonomic Transmitter Substances: Preganglionic: always ____ for the ______ and __________
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-ACTH
-sympathetic -parasympathetic |
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Autonomic Transmitter Substances: Postganglionic:
-Sympathetic > _________ -Parasympathetic > |
-norepinephrine
-ACTH |
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ACTH has a ____ term effect because ________ decomposes it
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-short
-cholinesterase |
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Norepinephrine
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has prolonged effect
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Can occur/cause Prebirth
Early infection |
1.maternal rubella
2.smoking 3.radiation and drugs |
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maternal rubella
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deafness, CNS damage
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smoking
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decrease oxygen in the blood and therefore a decrease in oxygen to the unborn child resulting in brain damage
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radiation and drugs
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various brain and CNS problems
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Cerebral palsy
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a. Lack of oxygen during birth
b. Largest cause of physical disabilities in children |
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Anecephaly
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a. Cerebrum doesn’t develop
b. Can’t hear, see, or process sensory inputs |
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Spina bifida
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Vertebrae do not form completely
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Hypothalamus
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regulates body temperature
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No more _____ form after birth;______ ______grows and matures
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-neurons
-nervous system |
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Brain
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a. reaches maximum weight in early adulthood
b. neurons damage and die c. unlimited neural pathways |
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Orthostatic hypotension
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lightheadedness when standing up fast
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Arteriosclerosis
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artery circulation trouble
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Senility
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lack of oxygen causing forgetfulness and irritability
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Boxers: “punch drunk”
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slurred speech and tremors due to too much brain bouncing
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With Aging the ________ nervous system becomes less and less efficient
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Sympathetic
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Autonomic Nerve Fibers
a.Mostly motor fibers CNS--------->GANGLION ^ ^ 1ST axon-->________ fiber |
preganglionic
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Autonomic Nerve Fibers
a.Mostly motor fibers GANGLION------------>VISCERA ^ ^ 2nd axon--->_______ fiber |
postganglionic
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