Uworld - 12

Front 1

Female epithelium

Back 1

-vagina – stratified squamous, non-keratinized
--contains glycogen

--can become squamous cell carcinoma

Front 2

Cervix epithelium

Back 2

-stratified squamous (ectocervix)
-simple columnar (endocervix)

-contains cervical glands
-secretion undergoes cyclic changes, allows less viscous mucus at time of ovulation

-condyloma acuminatum
-squamous cell carcinoma
-adenocarcinoma

Front 3

Uterine epithelium

Back 3

-simple (pseudostratified) columnar

-contains tubular glands
-divided into functional and basal layers
-undergoes cyclic changes

-endometrial cancer

Front 4

Fallopian tube epithelium

Back 4

-simple columnar

-ciliated cells: help transport egg/embryo
-peg cells: secrete nutrient

-cancer is rare

Front 5

Ovary epithelium

Back 5

-simple CUBOIDAL

-aka germinal epithelium

-transitions to peritoneum at the broad ligament of the uterus

-associate tumors:
--serous
--mucinous
--endometrioid
--clear cell
--Breener (urothelial/transitional)

Front 6

Legionella pneumophila

Back 6

-contaminates natural bodies of water, and other water systems

-organism inhaled in aerosolized water, and establishes infection by pulmonary route

-requires special enriched media for growth – needs media supplemented with L-cysteine and cultured on charcoal-yeast extract agar

Front 7

Vitamin C deficiency

Back 7

-scurvy

-due to impaired collagen formation

-hemorrhages, sub-periosteal hematomas, bleeding into joint spaces

-gingival swelling, secondary periodontal infection, anemia, hyper-keratotic papular rashes

-impaired wound healing

-weakened immune response to local infections

Front 8

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency

Back 8

-characterized by beriberi and Wernicke syndrome

Front 9

Viamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency

Back 9

-cheilosis (cuts at corners of mouth), stomatitis (inflammation of mouth), glossitis, dermatitis, corneal vascularlization, and ariboflavinosis

Front 10

Pyridoxine (B6) deficiency

Back 10

-cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis, and PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY

Front 11

Folic acid deficiency

Back 11

-folic acid deficiency characterized by megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects in fetus

Front 12

Zinc deficiency

Back 12

-zinc deficiency leads to acrodermatitis enteropathica (dermatitis of limbs and around orifices, alopecia, and diarrhea), growth retardation, infertility

Front 13

Pancreas formation

Back 13

-dorsal pancreatic bud forms majority of pancreatic tissue, including body, tail, most of head

-ventral pancreatic duct is precursor of the uncinate process (piece of the pancreas), inferior/posterior portion of head, and the MAJOR PANCREATIC DUCT (of Wirsung)

-failure of dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds to fuse leads to pancreas divisor

--in this condition, pancreatic ductal systems remain separate, with the accessory duct draining majority of pancreas

--> person more prone to acute pancreatitis

Front 14

Sublimation (defense mechanism)

Back 14

-sublimation is a mature defense mechanism – allows unacceptable/negative emotions to be redirected into more acceptable activities

-ex: man with violent impulses takes up boxing

Front 15

Intellectualization

Back 15

-mature defense mechanism
-involves separating the intellectual/rational aspects of a problem from the emotional, and focusing on the intellectual.

-can be seen in person diagnosed with serious illness who begins to read extensively about the disease

Front 16

Reaction formation

Back 16

-reaction formation is an immature defense mechanism – people do opposite of what they truly feel or desire

-use of excessive behavior to cover up feelings that might be perceived as unacceptable by others

-ex: woman who hates her mother but phones 3 times a day to check on mother's well-being

Front 17

Suppression

Back 17

-mature defense mechanism – involves voluntary withholding of unpleasant thoughts/feelings from one's mind

-ex: woman who focuses on her children's needs rather than thinking about her father's cancer prognosis

Front 18

Transketolase and transaldolase

Back 18

-transketolase and transaldolase carry out non-oxidative reactions of the HMP shunt

-some cells do not use oxidative reactions to produce cytosolic NADPH, but, like all cells, they can still synthesize ribose from fructose-6-phosphate using these non-oxidative reactions

Front 19

Power (1-beta)

Back 19

-Power is the probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when it is truly false

-typically set at 80%, and depends on sample size and difference between outcomes

Front 20

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

Back 20

-superior mesenteric artery syndrome occurs when the transverse portion of the duodenum is entrapped between the SMA and aorta, causing symptoms of partial intestinal obstruction

-SMA syndrome occurs when the aortomesenteric angle critically decreases – secondary to diminished mesenteric fat (as with extreme weight los), pronounced lordosis, or surgical correction of scoliosis

Front 21

Pulmonary fibrosis – pressure-volume relationship

Back 21

-decreased lung compliance is the hallmark of pulmonary fibrosis

-this can be seen as reduced slope of the curve depicting lung volume versus distending pressure (decreased lung compliance)

Front 22

-alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

Back 22

-neutrophil elastase is the major protease of extracellular elastin degradation
--released by neutrophils and macrophages
--serum inhibitor of extracellular elastase is alpha1-antitrypsin

-in patients with an alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, smoking dramatically increases risk of developing PANACINAR emphysema

Front 23

Genomic imprinting

Back 23

-genomic imprinting refers to phenomenon in which an offspring's genes are expressed in a parent-specific manner

-genomic imprinting is PRODUCED BY DNA METHYLATION, which is an epigenetic process in which genes can be silenced by the attachment of methyl groups to cytosine residues in the DNA molecule

-DNA methylation is carried out by DNA methyltransferatses that transfer methyl groups from methyl growp donors (such as S-adenosyl methionine) to cytosine residues in the DAN molecule

Front 24

Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (DTH)

Back 24

-contact dermatitis, granulomatous inflammation, the tuberculin skin test, and the Candida extract skin reaction are all examples of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

-the cells that mediate DTH reactions are Th1-lymphocytes that release interferon-g to cause recruitment and stimulation of macrophages

-DTH reactions take days to reach their peak activity
--this contrasts with other hypersensitivity reactions, which can cause clinical effects within minutes of antigen exposure.