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27 Cards in this Set

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Glides also known as (semivowels)
Tongue moves back during articulation.

Sound= /w/-woo /j/-you "y"

Glides have little to no Obstruction, and must occur with a vowel
Glides
(Voiced Labiovelar)
ex. With, queen,
[w]
Glides
(voiceless Labiovelar)
ex. White, When, Whether, weather.
[M] upside down w
Distribution of Sounds
Minimum Pairs

Complementary Distribution

Free Variation

Phonemes without alephones
Minimum Pairs
2 words that only differ in 1 sound
Ex. Lab and Lap
Complementary Distribution
Relationship betweeen 2 phoneticly similar segments

Ex. [p] upper [ph] pain
Free Variation
Phonetic substitution without changing meaning.

Ex. data and data one could be said Daata and one deata
Phonemes without alephones
A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language.

In the American structuralist tradition, a phoneme is defined according to its allophones and environments.

In the generative tradition, a phoneme is defined as a set of distinctive features

Ex. tab, tag, tan, spat, pat, tap
What makes a vowel High?
High vowels such as [i] [u], the tounge is positioned high in the mouth.
What makes a vowel low?
Tongue is positioned low in the mouth.
What is a vowel?
A vowel is a sound made when the impedance of the air through the vocal tract is minimal and the vocal tract is completely open.
What is vowel harmony?
Vowel harmony is a type of assimilation which takes place when vowels come to share certain features with contrastive vowels elsewhere in a word or phrase (Crystal 1992 168 ).
Example


* A front vowel in the first syllable of a word would require the presence of a front vowel in the second syllable.
What is a vowel modification?
A vowel modification is an addition or alteration to the basic way that a vowel is articulated.
Front vowel?
tounge positioned as far in front as posible
ex.
* close front unrounded vowel [i]
* close front rounded vowel [y]
* close-mid front unrounded vowel [e]
* close-mid front rounded vowel [ø]
* open-mid front unrounded vowel [ɛ]
* open-mid front rounded vowel [œ]
* near-open front unrounded vowel [æ]
* open front unrounded vowel [a]
* open front rounded vowel [ɶ]
Back vowel?
Tounge positioned as far back as posible.
Ex.
* close back unrounded vowel [ɯ]
* close back rounded vowel [u]
* close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ]
* close-mid back rounded vowel [o]
* open-mid back unrounded vowel [ʌ]
* open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ]
* open back unrounded vowel [ɑ]
* open back rounded vowel [ɒ]
Central vowel?
Tougnge positioned half way between front and back.
Ex
# close central unrounded vowel [ɨ]
# close central rounded vowel [ʉ]
# close-mid central unrounded vowel [ɘ]
# close-mid central rounded vowel [ɵ]
# mid central vowel [ə]
# open-mid central unrounded vowel [ɜ]
# open-mid central rounded vowel [ɞ]
# near-open central vowel [ɐ]
# open central unrounded vowel [a] (unofficial but most frequent usage
Rounded Vowel?
lips form articular opening . pronounced with lips formed.
Unrounded Vowel?
Pronunced with lips relaxed.
Difference between...
Consanants
Vowels
Glides
Consonants= Created by pulmanitc utterence that is created by stopped or obstructed airflow through the mouth.

Vowels=created through unobstructed air flow through the mouth.

Gliding vowels = refers to vowels occuring withinn the same syllable...gliding motion into next vowel. ex. eye,hay,boy,low,you
length
vowel length= perceived duration of a vowel sound.

Long= "Tree.."eee" and booth "oooh"

Short= hut "u" and bush "u"

German has 8 vowels/ can be short or long. Vowel legnth makes a diff. in word meaning. "german has 3 dipthongs"
What is an articulation process?
The articulation process is the modification of sound waves produced by the airstream, phonation, and oral-nasal processes.
What is stress?
Stress is an increase in the activity of the vocal apparatus of a speaker.

Stress is produced by a comb. of pitch, loudness and length.
What is a diphthong?
same as a gliding vowel

A diphthong is a phonetic sequence, consisting of a vowel and a glide, that is interpreted as a single vowel.

Ex. /ai/-hay /au/-ouch />i/- hoy
pie,ouch,boy
Major Dipthong
extreme change ex. buy [aj] boy [>j] now [aw]
Minor dipthong
less dramatic change
ex. play [ej] go [ow]
Pitch and tone
high pitch = closed vocal chords
low pitch = more open local chords

contour tones = changes in a single segment

register tones= stable pitch over a single syllable.

Tone has a gramattical role in language. But not for all ex. japanese
What is intonation?
Intonation is the system of levels (rising and falling) and variations in pitch sequences within speech.

Pitch movement not related to meaning

Terminal intonation= falling intonation at end of word

nonterminal= riseing intonation at end of word

Intonation is often a sign of sentence incompletion